Exam 2 Neuro + Endo Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
dendrites
A
receive messages
2
Q
axons
A
propagate action potentials to send to other cells
3
Q
what determines conductivity of a neuron
A
diameter of axon and myelin covering
4
Q
larger diameter of axon
A
faster transmission
5
Q
baroreceptors
A
internal pressure
6
Q
nocireceptors
A
pain
7
Q
chemoreceptors
A
flavor, odor, O2, CO2, osmolarity
8
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
touch and pressure
9
Q
photochemicals
A
light
10
Q
thermoreceptors
A
temperature
11
Q
afferent somatic
A
sensory pathways, ascend to CNS
12
Q
efferent somatic
A
motor pathways
13
Q
what is required for axons to regrow
A
schwann cells
14
Q
multipolar neurons
A
most common, motor neurons and cognitive function
15
Q
bipolar neurons
A
rare, connects rods and cones to retina
16
Q
pseudounipolar neurons
A
afferent somatosensory neurons
17
Q
gyri
A
ridges in cerebrum
18
Q
sulci
A
grooves in cerebrum
19
Q
forebrain
A
largest part of brain, contains cerebrum and corpus callosum
20
Q
cerebrum
A
responsible for higher thought, divided into left and right hemispheres
21
Q
corpus callosum
A
responsible for communication between hemispheres
22
Q
midbrain
A
contains tegmentum
23
Q
tegmentum
A
responsible for attention and awareness
24
Q
hindbrain
A
contains most of brainstem
25
cerebellum
responsible for balance
26
pons
responsible for equillibrium
27
medulla oblongata
responsible for autonomic function
28
frontal lobe
responsible for personality, decision making, reasoning
29
parietal lobe
somatosensory (pain, touch, pressure)
30
temporal lobe
hearing and visual-spatial orientation
31
occipital lobe
sight
32
broca's aphasia
loss of speech production
33
wernickes aphasia
lack of speech reception
34
dysphasia
defect in somatic language processing
35
spinal tap
in subarachnoid space, between arachnoid and pia mater
36
stroke
disruption of cranial circulation
37
4 main areas of stroke
ACA
MCA
PCA
basilar artery
38
anterior cerebral artery stroke
frontal and parietal lobes
contralateral hemiplegia
affects primarily legs
imitation problems
39
middle cerebral artery stroke
parietal and temporal lobes
contralateral hemiplegia
affects arms more
aphasia and apraxia
40
posterior cerebral artery stroke
visual and sensory loss
dizziness
41
basilar artery stroke
locked in syndrome
42
hemiplegia
half of the body/part does not function
43
contralateral
R side injury affects L side of face
44
thrombic stroke
stationary clot
45
embolic stroke
moving clot
46
hemorrhagic stroke
ruptured vessel
47
lacunar stroke
deep vessel occlusion
rt smoking, diabetes, fat
48
methylprednisone
blocks inflammation
49
ventral
motor
50
dorsal
sensory
51
somatogenic pain
has a cause, nocireceptive or neuropathic
52
nociceptive pain
burning or aching, arises in receptors.
53
neuropathic pain
arises in nerves, pins needles and numbness
54
psychogenic pain
no physical cause diagnsosed, etiology in cerebral cortex
55
pain threshold
point at which pain is experienced
56
perceptual dominance
the most severe pain is detected only even when multiple problems
57
pain tolerance
duration/intensity of pain that can be endured
58
3 theories of pain
gate control
specificity of pain
neuromatrix theory
59
acute pain
sudden, generally short lived
60
chronic pain
3+ months
61
referred pain
stimulation of associated dorsal root ganglia
62
what makes gates open
stress and tension
mental factors
lack of fitness
63
what makes gates close
medications
relaxation and contentment
metnal factors
counter stimulation
64
endorphins mimic...
analgesics
65
gate control theory
if gates in the dorsal horn of the spinal chord re open, more pain messages can pass to the brain
66
AB neurons
large and myelinated
quick
activated by nonnoxious stimuli
67
A8 neurons
small and myelinated
activated by noxious stimuli
68
C neurons
slowest and smallest, not myelinated
activated by pain and temp
69
noxious stimuli
sharp and intense
70
non-noxious stimuli
light touch, hair movement
71
sleep
decreased arousal from which one is easily aroused, a basic drive
72
REM sleep
rapid eye movement, 25% of sleep time
occurs every 90 minutes starting 1-2 hours after nonrem starts
73
Non REM sleep
slow wave sleep
74
signs of acute pain
dilated pupils
anxiety
tachycardia
nausea
75
primary hypersomnia
idiopathic excessive sleeping
76
secondary hypersomnia
may be related to disordered breathing or depression
77
parasomnia
unusual behaviors during sleep
78
somnambulism
sleep walking
79
night terrors
sudden apparent arousals with intense emotions. no memory after, difficult to arouse
80
apraxia
defect in planned movement (idea, plan, execution)
81
agnosia
to not know, failure of primary sensory. usually affects only one sense
82
neuromatrix theory of pain
new neuropathways create pain
83
specificity theory of pain
intensity of pain is directly linked to how much tissue is harmed
84
right side of brain
nonverbal and artistic abilities, proprioception
85
left side of brain
analytical and methodical. SPEECH and verbal comprehension, initiating memory
86
proprioception
perception of place in space
87
upper motor neurons
CNS driven
hypertonia
88
lower motor neurons
PNS driven
hypotonia
89
hypertonia
quick and strong reflexes
90
spasticity
abnormal increase in muscle tone associated w hyperexcitability of stretch reflexes
91
hypotonia
decreased reflexicity
92
metabolic syndrome
cluster of 4 conditions that occur together and increase risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.
93
action potential steps
1. resting (more Na outside and more K inside)
2. depolarizing (increase, Na flooding in)
3. repolarizing (relax, K leaving)
4. resting (Na outside and K inside)
94
direct hormone effects
obvious changes in response to hormone
95
permissive hormone effects
one hormone allows another to work
96
upregulation
low concentration of hormone increasing number of receptors per cells
97
downregulation
high concentration of hormone decreasing number of receptors per cell
98
trophic hormone
acts on endocrine glands
99
glucagon
inverse to glucose
stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis when low blood glucose
100
glycogenolysis
breaks down glycogen in liver
101
gluconeogenesis
breaks down lipids in liver and adipose tissue
102
islets of langerhans
in pancreas
containing alpha beta and delta cells
103
alpha cells
secretes glucagon
antagonistic to beta
104
beta cells
secretes insulin
105
delta cells
regulate alpha and beta cells by secreting somatostatin
106
f cells
secrete pancreatic polpypeptides
107
normal fasting glucose
70-100mg/dL
108
hypoglycemia signs
cold
sweaty/diaphoretic
altered mental state
jittery + irritable
headache
109
hyperglycemia signs
tachycardia
pallor
palpitations
tremors
110
pineal gland
secretes melatonin
acts on hypothalamus and pituitary
regulates circadian rhythm
111
hypothalamus gland
releasing and inhibiting hormones
acts on anterior pituitary
regulates anterior pituatary
112
anterior pituatary gland
secretes trophic hormones
acts on endocrine glands
regulates growth and development
113
hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland
FSH (follicle stimulating)
LH (luteinizing)
GH (growth)
TSH (thyroid stimulating)
PRL (prolactin)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)
114
anterior pituitary gland
secretes trophic hormones
acts on endocrine glands
regulates growth and development
115
posterior pituitary gland
secretes ADH and oxytocin
ADH= vessels+kidneys, regulates water retention
Oxytocin= uterus+mammary, regulates uterine contraction
116
thyroid gland
secretes T3,T4 and calcitonin
T3T4= increases basal metabolic rate
calcitonin= regulates blood Ca (decreases Ca)
stimulated by TSH produced by anterior pituitary
117
adrenal cortex
secretes glucocorticoids and aldosterone
glucocorticoids=acts on liver+muscles, regulates glucose metabolism
aldosterone=acts on kidneys, regulates Na retention and K secretion
118
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine
acts on heart, bronchioles, vessels
regulates adrenergic stimulation
119
ovary
secretes estradiol and progesterone
regulates female secondary sex characteristics
120
testes
secretes testosterone
regulates male secondary sex characteristics
121
pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagon
insulin= glucose uptake
glucagon= acts on liver, regulates glycogen and fat hydrolysis
122
hyperpituitarism
overproduction of growth hormone by pituitary gland
acromegaly
123
hypothalamus gland
releasing and inhibiting hormones
acts on anterior pituitary
regulates anterior pituitary
124
peptide hormones
hydrophilic + circulate freely
work quickly
125
lipid soluble hormones
hydrophobic
work slow, transported by carrier protein
steroid and thyroid
126
levels of consciousness (most to least aware)
1.locked in syndrome
2.minimally conscious/akinetic mutism
3.unresponsive wakefulness syndrome
4.cerebral death/irreversible coma
5.brain death
127
glasgow coma scale
assesses eye opening, verbal response, and motor response
scored out of 15
128
CRS-R scale
used for TBIs only
categorizes wakefulness stages (before emerging from coma)
129
ranchos los amigos scale
long term categorization of response (after emerging from coma)
for TBIs only
130
MTBI
concussion
does not always include LOC
131
2nd impact syndrome
repeated conscussions
fatal
132
cerebral palsy
upper motor neuron issue
abnormal brain developmental before birth
spastic, poor posture
133
ALS
lower motor neuron issue
idiopathic+progressive
134
myasthenia gravis
lower motor neuron issue
chronic+autoimmune
135
dystonia
sustained muscle contractions
136
multiple sclerosis
destruction of CNS myelin
inflammatory+autoimmune
137
hemiparalysis
one sideded loss of motor function
138
paraparalysis
lower extremety loss of motor function
139
quadripalegia
both upper and lower extremely loss of function
140
alzheimer disease
accumulation of beta amyloid plaques in the brain
decreases volume+size of brain
gyri thin
sulci widen
141
huntington disease
autosomal dominant
chromosome 4
loss of GABA bc of degeneration of basa ganglia
hypotonia+chorea
142
chorea
involuntary fragmented "riding" movement
143
parkinson disease
degeneration of ganglia and depletion of dopamine
treat w levodopa
144
what determines sensitivity of a cell
number of cells
145
type 1 diabetes
insulin deficient
genetic
146
insulin
anabolic hormone promoting glucose uptake (moves glucose out of blood and into cells by binding to GLUT on plasma membranes)
147
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistant
lifestyle factors
148
signs of diabetes
polyuria (excessive voids)
polydipsia (excessive thirst)
unexplained weight loss
149
angiopathy w diabetes
basement cell membranes thicken
decreased blood flow=increased risk of infection
150
acenthosis
dark plaques on the skin
sign of insulin excess
151
ketosis
buildup of ketone bodies
152
graves disease
a form of hyperthyroidism in younger adults + women
autoimmune
eye bulging
153
hyperthyroidism signs
r/t increased metabolism...
increased tissue sensitivity
heat intolerance
lower body weight
154
hypothyroidism causes
congenital
iodine deficiency
iatrogenic
155
neuroglia
supporting cells of CNS
156
astrocytes
form blood brain barrier
157
microglia
phagocytic cells that remove debris
158
ependymal cells
lines ventricles and secretes CSF
159
oligodendrocytes
deposit myelin
same as schwann cells in PNS
