Exam 3: Cancer, Hem, Vasc, Card Flashcards
cancer, hemo, vasc, cardiac (176 cards)
1
Q
tumor
A
localized swelling
2
Q
neoplasm
A
tumor caused by hyperplasia
3
Q
hyperplasia
A
cell proliferation
4
Q
benign neoplasm
A
noninvasive, encapsulated neoplasm that resembles tissue of origin
5
Q
malignant neoplasm
A
cancer
divided rapidly and unremittingly
6
Q
characteristics of a malignant neoplasm
A
anaplasia
invasive
poorly differentiated
7
Q
anaplasia
A
undifferentiated
not normal adult cells
8
Q
cancer grading
A
based on histology
1. well differentiated/mild dysplasia
2. moderate differentiated/moderate dysplasia
3. poor differentiated/severe dysplasia
4. moderate anaplasia
5. severe anaplasia
9
Q
cancer staging
A
based on spread
0- in situ
1- localized
2- limited spread within an organ
3. regional spread and to lymph nodes
4- distant metastasis
10
Q
cellular characteristics of malignancy
A
autonomous
anaplastic
dysplastic
immortal
angiogenic
11
Q
autonomous
A
self sufficiency to growth signals (being independent of normal cellular control)
insensitivity to antigrowth or apoptotic signals
12
Q
anaplastic
A
loss of differentiation
13
Q
dysplastic
A
loss of contact inhibition/anchorage dependence
14
Q
immortal
A
cells do not reach the Hayflick limit of cell division
cells resist apoptosis
15
Q
angiogenic
A
cells receive own blood supply (VEGF)
16
Q
carcinoma
A
cancerous tumor of epithelial origin
17
Q
sarcoma
A
cancerous tumor of mesenchymal origin
18
Q
mole
A
benign neoplasia of melanocyte
19
Q
melanoma
A
malignant neoplasia of melanocyte
20
Q
fibroma
A
benign proliferation of fibroblasts
21
Q
fibrosarcoma
A
malignant neoplasia of fibroblasts
22
Q
osteoma
A
benign neoplasia of osteocytes
23
Q
osteosarcoma
A
malignant neoplasia of osteocytes
24
Q
teratoma
A
monster cancer
malignant only
25
leukemia
malignant neoplasia of bone marrow
malignant only
26
signs of melanoma
asymmetric
borders uneven
coloring uneven
diameter changing
enlarging
27
post oncogens
cell cycle activators
gain of function
28
tumor suppressor genes
cell cycle inhibitors
loss of function
29
multi hit theory
multiple mutations are needed before malignancy occurs
based off of idea that incidence vs age is nonlinear
30
carcinogens
base analogs
radiation
chemical mutagens
intercalators
viruses
31
intercalators
things that fit between the 2 strands of DNA helix
32
chemotherapy drug goal
stop cell replication and division
33
radiation goal
damage to DNA to shrink tumor
34
a blood tube looks like...
erythrocytes on bottom
leukocytes + platelets middle
plasma stays on top
35
plasma
55% of total blood
91% water, 7% protein, 2% other organic molecules and electrolytes
36
protein
albumin- maintains osmotic pressure
globulins
fibrinogen
37
organic molecules
glucose
amino acids
38
globulins
alpha- HDL, steroids
beta- LDL, transferrin
gamma- antibodies, IgG
39
formed elements
45% of total blood
erythrocytes
platelets
leukocytes
40
what produces platelets
megakaryocytes
41
leukocytes
neutrophils 60%
lymphocytes 30%
monocytes,eosinophils,basophils 10%
42
lymphocytes
T cells 70%
B cells 25%
NK cells 5%
43
erythrocytes and platelets...
do NOT have nuclei
are NOT true cells
44
no nuclei=
no DNA
unable to transcribe RNA
therefore no protein
have a short life span because they cannot repair damage
45
where are formed elements produced
hematopoietic stem cells
aka pluripotent cells
located in the bone marrow
46
what gives erythrocytes their red color
hemoglobin
300Hgb per RBC
47
shape of erythrocyte
biconcave disc
48
oxyhemoglobin
more red
oxygen bound
49
deoxyhemoglobin
changes shape and color
is blue/purple
nonoxygenated
50
oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
O2 binds Hgb in a cooperative way
nonlinear, sigmoidal
51
"to the right"
binding oxygen more loosely
Hgb dumps off O2 more efficiently
52
factors that shift curve to the right
increased H ions, decreased pH
increased PCO2, decreased pH
increased temp
increased DPG (r/t high altitude or congenital heart disease)
53
spleen
lymphoid organ
houses leukocytes
acts as a blood filter
54
hematopoiesis
occurs in axial skeleton bone marrow
blood formation
55
adults have
2 alpha and 2 beta
56
fetuses have
alpha, beta, gamma
higher affinity for Hgb
57
erythropoietin
hormone epo
stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs
58
erythropoesis
formation of red blood cells
59
anemia
erythrocyte deficit
deficiency of vitamin b12 or folic acid
60
vitamin b12 and folic acid are
necessary but not sufficient
61
stem cell considerations
can make more stem cells
can differentiate
62
erythropoietin feedback
1.hypoxia
2. renal cortex senses hypoxia
3. erythropoietin secreted
4. bone marrow stimulation
5. bone marrow stimulation triggers erythropoiesis
6. normoxia
7. renal cortex senses normoxia
8. decreased erythropoietin
63
anytime the kidneys sense hypoxia
epo is produced until tissue reaches normal oxygen level
64
4 heme's
heme oxygenase
biliverdin
biliverdin reductase
bilirubin
65
jaundice
accumulation of bilirubin r/t too erythrocyte degradation
66
etiology of anemia
hemorrhage
decreased erythropoiesis
increased erythrocytic destruction
67
koilynchia
spoon nails r/t anemia
68
glossitis
tongue inflammation
loss of papillae
r/t anemia
69
clinical manifestations of anemia
claudication
dyspnea
dizziness
pallor
70
compensatory mechanisms of anemia
tachycardia
tachypnea
increased DPG in blood
increased renin+ erythropoietin
71
hemolytic anemia
normocytic and normochromic
maturing normally but making less RBC's
72
iron deficiency anemia
microcytic and hypochromic
small cells with less Hgb pigment
73
pernicious anemia
macrocytic and normochromic
large unmature cells r/t vitb12 deficiency
74
sickle cell anemia
congenital
stack and clog arteries
75
polycthemia
erythrocyte surplus
76
sed rate
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
77
high sed rate
sink faster
inflammation, diabetes, old age, cancer, anemia
78
low sed rate
sink slower
sickle cell, young age, polycythemia
79
hemostasis
blood clotting
damaged endothelial lining triggers thrombocytes, VWF, fibroblasts
therefore fibrinogen then fibrin
80
how does fibrinogen form fibrin
fibrinogen must be cut off to activate and form fibrin
81
how is clot formed
thrombocytes grab fibrin
82
left side of heart
sends oxygenated blood to body tissues through aorta
83
right side of heart
sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
84
arteries
take blood away from heart
increased pressure decreased volume
no valves
thick walls (especially tuna media)
85
veins
take blood into the heart
decreased pressure
increased volume
valves
thin walls
86
what cells are in tunica intima
endothelial cells
87
what cells are in tunica media
pseudostratified cells
88
what cells are in tunica adventitia
fibroblasts
89
vasoconstriction causes
increased blood pressure
90
vasodilation causes
decreased blood pressure
91
blood vessel resistance increases with
increased blood viscosity
increase length of vessel
92
primary hypertension
idiopathic or genetic
manifestations: nose bleeds, headache
93
if a protein ends in -ogen
it needs to be cleaved to become activated
94
thrombus
stationary clot
95
embolus
travelling clot
96
Right sided embolus
pulmonary embolism
97
left sided embolus
MI or stroke
98
turbulent blood flow causes
clotting
99
renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
1. angiotensinogen (inactive protein)
2. renin cleaves off part of angiotensinogen, becoming angiotensin
3. angiotensin is modified by ACE enzyme to form angiotensin 2
4. angiotensin 2 tells kidneys to retain fluid and vessels to constrict
5. constricted vessels=increased blood pressure
100
what does renin do
cleaves off a part of angiotensinogen to become angiotensin
101
what does ACE enzyme do
modifies angiotensin to form angiotensin 2
102
what does angiotensin 2 do
tells kidneys to retain fluid and vessels to constrict
103
what does constricted vessels do
increases blood pressure
104
atherosclerosis
arterial hardening caused by waxy deposits in the wall of the artery
causes turbulent blood flow
105
aneurysm
localized dilation of vessel wall
only surgical treatment
106
false aneurysm
clot forms from hemorrhage related to damage of adventitia
107
most common site of aneurysm
descending aorta
bc less supporting structures
108
aortic dissection
a tear through the tunica intima and media of the aorta.
often r/t trauma
109
thromboangiitis obliterans
occlusion of artery
manifestations: claudication, artery obstruction
treat w vasodilators
high risk: nicotine + testosterone
110
varicose veins
pooled blood leading to bulging veins
valve damage and decreased connective tissue support
111
deep vein thrombosis
blood clot forms in a large vein
112
superior vena cava syndrome
progressive occlusion of super vena cava
causes distention of upper vasculature (upper body, facial edema)
113
MRA vs CAT scan
MRI has higher resolution
114
apex of heart
bottom of the heart (ventricles)
points posterior
115
intraventricular septum
between left and right ventricles
116
atria
thin walled because have less pressure
117
semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonic
118
aortic valve
between left ventricle and aorta
119
pulmonic valve
between right ventricle and pulmonic artery
120
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid and mitral valve
121
tricuspid valve
right AV valve
btw right atria and ventricle
122
mitral valve
left AV valve, "bicuspid"
between left atria and ventricle
123
chordae tendonae
hold valves in place and prevent regurgitation
124
cardiac cycle
1. atrial systole
2. ventricular contraction
3. ejection
4. ventricular relaxation
5. ventricular filling
125
atrial systole
blood pushed into ventricles
126
ventricular systole
isovolumetric contraction so pressure in ventricles equals pressure in arteries
127
ejection
ventricular pressure increases and exceeds pressure in arteries
128
ventricular diastole
pressure drops so ventricles relax
129
ventricular filling
blood from veins enter the heart as vein pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
130
endocardium
innermost layer with endothelial cells
131
myocardium
muscle middle layer with striated skeletal cells
132
epicardium
"serious pericardium"
"visceral" inner layer of pericardiam
133
parietal pericardium
outermost layer
134
cardiac tamponade
excess fluid in pericardial space, making the heart fluid deficient
135
atrial systole
AV valves open and SV valves close
136
ventricular systole
AV valves close and SV vaves open
137
2 major arteries
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
138
"widow maker"
LAD (anterior interventricular)
139
coronary angiogram
great for viewing coronary arteries
utilizes contrast dye and CXR
140
cardiomyocytes
heart muscle cells
striated w myosin + actin
141
intercalated discs
contain proteins that connect one cardiomyocyte to another.
contain gap junctions
142
gap junctions
allows for electric conduction
when one contracts, the other contracts= functional snysynium
143
functional synsynium
when one contracts the other contracts
144
depolarize
contract
145
repolarize
relax
146
P wave
atrial depolarization
147
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
148
T wave
ventricular repolarization
149
PR interval
measure of time interval from atrial electrical activity to ventricular electrical activity
150
Na/K pump
3 Na out
2 K in
151
during depolarization...
Na channels open and flood in, opening Ca channels which flood Ca in, making the myocardial cells squeeze
152
1st heart sound
closure of AV valves
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
pressure increases
153
2nd heart sound
closure of SL valves
T wave
ventricular repolarization
decreased pressure
154
premature ventricular contraction (PVC's)
spontaneous depolarization of ventricular cardiomyocytes
feels like heart is skipping a beat
can be treated by cardiac ablation
155
heart block
miscommunication btw atria and ventricles
due to damage to the heart's conduction system
156
coronary artery disease (CAD)
atherosclerosis in coronary artery
leads to MI bc thrombus that forms and causes ischemia
157
anginapectoris
chest pain due to intermittent myocardial ischemia
treat w aspirin + nitro
158
angioplasty
inflate a catheter balloon to compress plaque
159
stent placement
inflate a catheter balloon containing a metal stent to hold artery open more permanently
160
acute coronary syndrome
MI, complete occlusion
irreversible damage
troponin I and II present
161
fluroscopy
real time xrays used for coronary angiogram
162
inflammation always =
fibrotic deposition
163
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
use a vein from the leg to bypass an occlussion in the heart
164
stenosis
stiffening
prevents total valvular opening and closing
165
stenosed mitral valve
allows regurgitation into left atrium and prevents blood flow into left ventricle
166
mitral valve prolapse
blood gets into left atrium rather than left ventricle out thru aorta and out to body
167
doppler echocardiogram
ultrasound visualizing blood
confirms heart sounds
168
cardiomyopathy
heart muscle disease
3 types: dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive
subtle changes in heart proteins can cause
169
dilated cardiomyopathy
decreased ejection fraction
170
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
heart becomes thick and distorted
often occurs as compensation
171
restrictive cardiomyopathy
stiffening of myocardium
doesnt allow heart to fill well
172
ductus arteriousus
shunts blood from pulmonary arteries to aorta
173
foramen ovale
shunts blood from right atria to left atria
174
2 mechanisms in congential hearts
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
175
arterial septal defect
hole between atria when foramen ovale does not collapse
176
ventricular septal defect
hole between ventricle
more serious
