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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

30% of COVID patients experience long lasting effects that do NOT include

A

anaphylaxis

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2
Q

mask most effective for personal protection and droplet source control

A

N95

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3
Q

a well fitted surgical mask is more effective at protecting others than it is as personal protection

A

true

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4
Q

what activity spreads respiratory droplets over the greatest area

A

singing

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5
Q

if a pathology reports states that tumor cells are well differentiated, this means the tumor..

A

has a low grade

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6
Q

malignant form of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

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7
Q

a benign tumor

A

lipoma

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8
Q

the tumor suppressor protein pRb that is often mutated in cases of retinoblastoma normally functions to

A

bind and inhibit transcription factors that promote the cell cycle

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9
Q

what is a malignant cancer of glandular origin

A

adrenocarcinoma

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10
Q

what is NOT a carcinogen

A

large amounts of vitamin C

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11
Q

largest secondary lymphoid organ that is largely responsible for the removal of aged erythrocytes

A

spleen

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12
Q

major physiological consequence of anemia

A

tissue hypoxia

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13
Q

form of anemia most closely associated w dietary iron deficiency

A

microcyctic and hypochromatic

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14
Q

NOT accurate statement about human blood

A

all human blood cells fit into one of two categories: erythrocytes or lymphocytes

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15
Q

erythrocytes

A

are derived from stem cells found in the bone marrow of adults

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16
Q

thrombocytes

A

formed elements of the blood that are not considered cells, but disk shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting

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17
Q

albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein, largely accounting for the plasma oncotic pressure

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18
Q

least likely symptom to result from anemia

A

liver cirrhosis

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19
Q

least likely to cause jaundice

A

iron deficiency

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20
Q

platelets participate in hemostasis by

A

aggregating to form a plug (thereby preventing petechial hemorrhages)

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21
Q

erythropoiesis is most directly stimulated by

A

erythropoetin

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22
Q

dehydration is most closely associated with

A

relative polycythemia

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23
Q

what causes increased affinity for oxygen or a shift to the left of the curve

A

alkalosis

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24
Q

distinguishing characteristics of veins include

A

all veins carry blood toward the heart

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25
false statement about vasculature
gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid occurs primarily across the walls of veins
26
false statement about blood vessel structure
arterioles, capillaries, and veins all have valves that allow only one way flow of blood
27
what most accurately descsribes blood pressure
BP= CO x SVR
28
capillary permeability is greatest in the
fenestrated capillaries of an endocrine gland
29
blood pressure is generally highest in the
aorta
30
least accurate statement concerning human arteries
arteries always transport oxygenated blood
31
what will NOT result in edema
elevated plasma protein concentrations
32
flow through a blood vessel is primarily regulated by alteration of its
radius
33
thrombus in the arterial system is most likely to produce
ischemia
34
oxygenated blood flows through the
pulmonary veins
35
what makes up the tunica intima
the layer of endothelial cells
36
a local state in which cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply is defined as
ischemia
37
which elevated value is most closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis
low density lipoproteins
38
dissecting saccular aneurysm
39
what pathology is most closely associated with the combined vasoconstrictive effects of nicotine and testosterone
thromboangititis obliterans
40
what pathology is most closely associated with bronchogenic carcinoma or goiter
superior vena cava syndrome
41
the pacemaker of the heart is normally the
sinoatrial node
42
severe pericardial effusion increasing the pressure of the pericardial fluid may cause
cardiac tamponade
43
main objective when treating CAD with angioplasty or bypass surgery are to
reduce myocardial ischemia
44
the mitral and tricuspid valves close after the ventricles are filled with blood and contract because the
increased pressure in the ventricles pushes the valves to close
45
the hallmark of what form of cardiomyopathy is a disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular myocardium
hypertrophic
46
the function of a fetal opening between the left and right atria is that it allows
right to left shunting
47
What is a characteristic of upper motor neurons?
They influence and modify spinal reflex arcs.
48
Diabetes is associated with micro- and macrovascular complications that include
coronary artery disease
49
A patient is diagnosed with agnosia after a stroke. A nurse should understand that this patient:
will not recognize familiar objects
50
Elaboration of thought and goal-oriented behavior are functions of the _____ area of the brain.
prefrontal
51
Hormone release is regulated by
chemical factors influencing feedback loops
52
neoplasticity means that
The brain can partially adapt to the damage caused by a stroke by making new connections between the neurons that survive.
53
Graves disease is caused by an
autoimmune response
54
_____ pathways carry sensory information toward the central nervous system (CNS)
ascending
55
In a person with diabetes, exercise:
lowers triglycerides
56
Which tissue does NOT require insulin signaling for glucose uptake
brain
57
Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
Constipation, decreased heat rate, and lethargy
58
Overproduction of gels by fibroblasts in connective tissue due to hypothyroidism is known as:
myxedema
59
A type II hypersensitivity disorder that results in excess production of thyroid hormone is known as:
Graves disease
60
The region of the pancreas that contains the endocrine cells is:
islets of langerhans
61
Which of the following is true of Parkinson’s disease?
it is a degenerative disease of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
62
Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are false?
The BBB is produced by projections of glial cells known as ependymal cells
63
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
64
Which of the following neurologic disorders are best characterized by cortical nerve cell processes that have become twisted and tangled as well as beta-amyloid plaques outside of neurons?
Alzheimer disease
65
Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in the:
basal ganglia
66
Hitting your thumb with a hammer will allow you to experience rapid and sharp _______ pain.
nociceptive
67
Inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury, demyelination, and axonal degeneration characterize:
multiple sclerosis
68
Which of the following meninges closely adhere to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and follow sulci and fissures?
pia mater
69
Insulin is an example of a(n):
peptide hormone
70
A person with a fractured femur only reports severe pain in the leg even though there are other serious injuries. The experienced health care provider recognizes that:
this is due to perceptual dominance
71
Which of the following are NOT hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
aldosterone
72
Pain _____ is the duration of time or the intensity of pain that a person will endure before outwardly responding.
tolerance
73
Chemical synapses between neurons can send messages in both directions.
false
74
The cells which produce insulin are
beta cells
75
Which of the following statements about axon myelination is FALSE?
all animals have myelinated axons
76
Which of the following types of cells is considered to be glial?
oligodendrocytes
77
Seizures are initiated by:
hypersynchronization and bursts of action potentials
78
calcitonin
reduces serum calcium concentration
79
What type of post-synaptic potential does acetylcholine generate on target cells?
It depends on the type of receptor to which it binds
80
Following a stroke, a man has been diagnosed with hemiparesis. Which of the following best describe this man’s condition?
weakness on one side of the body
81
Depolarization of neuronal axons occurs when:
voltage-regulated Na+ channels open and Na+ rapidly floods into the cell
82
neurotransmitters
diffuse across the synaptic cleft and act on postsynaptic receptors.
83
the subarachnoid space
contains cerebrospinal fluid
84
Unlike polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones:
Are more likely to have an associated receptor in the cytosol or nucleus
85
Which of the following neurologic disorders is LEAST likely to be associated with intellectual disability / dementia?
Parkinson's disease
86
Which of the following statements most accurately summarize “Wallerian degeneration?”
When a neuron is cut or otherwise damaged the part of the axon distal (farther from the soma) degenerates because it is cut off from the nucleus.
87
steroid hormones bind to
intracellular receptors
88
A person with diabetes arrives at the emergency department after an abrupt decrease in level of consciousness. The person has tachycardia, diaphoresis, irritability, tremors, and confusion. The nurse suspects the person has:
hypoglycemia
89
Which of the following patients are fully aware of their surroundings but are unable to vocally respond?
a patient with "locked in" syndrome
90
Which of the following terms are most closely associated with a defect in planned movement?
apraxia
91
An enzyme commonly found in cellular signal transduction pathways that phosphorylates targets proteins is:
kinase

PATHO (4 decks)

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