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PATHO > Quiz 4: Pulm, Reprod, GI, MSK > Flashcards

Quiz 4: Pulm, Reprod, GI, MSK Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

lung anatomy

A

right lung is slightly larger with 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes

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2
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

line alveolar surface
form air-blood barrier

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3
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant (a detergent that reduces surface tension to prevent the lungs from collapsing)

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4
Q

type 3 pneumocytes

A

phagocytose things missed by cilia and mucus

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5
Q

alveoli are lined by

A

pneumocytes (type 1,2,3)

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6
Q

for an O2 molecule to reach Hgb…

A

the O2 molecule must pass through 5 cell membranes to reach the Hgb within an erythrocyte

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7
Q

inspiration

A

air enters trachea
lungs expand
chest wall moves out
diaphragm moves down
muscle contraction (energy expenditure)

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8
Q

expiration

A

lungs recoil
chest wall moves in
diaphragm moves up
air exits

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9
Q

alveolar ventilation calculation

A

Va= (Vt - Vd) x RR

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10
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula

A

hole between trachea and esophagus in baby (when the hole btw the trachea and foregut in fetus does not close fully)

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11
Q

lungs are derived from

A

endoderm in fetus

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12
Q

hypoventilation

A

insufficient ventilation
blood becomes too acidic
from morphine, obesity, sleep apnea

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13
Q

hyperventilation

A

overventilation
an issue bc blowing off too much CO2, blood becomes alkalotic
from pain attacks, anxiety, brain stem injury

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14
Q

hypoxemia

A

low arterial O2
from heart defects, pulmonary shunts

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15
Q

hypoxia

A

low tissue O2
from anemia, CO poisoning

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16
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

high pressure in lungs
from tricuspid and pulmonary valve insufficiency (right heart sided issues)

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17
Q

cheyne strokes respiration

A

patho: loss of coordination from cerebellum and medulla oblongata
signs: rapid breaths w periods of apnea
etiology: death bed (as cerebral cortex dies before medulla)

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18
Q

bronchitis

A

“blue bloater”
signs: productive cough, prolonged expiration, cyanosis, dyspnea, polycythemia (blood thickens as tissue becomes hypoxic, think epo stim)
etiology: right heart failure=pulmonary edema + fluid accumulation

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19
Q

asthma

A

inflammation and narrowing of airways
bronchospams occur
eventually.. fibrotic deposition

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20
Q

neurons that communicate w medulla oblongata

A

baroreceptors
proprioceptors
pulmonary stretch receptors
aortic and carotid chemoreceptors

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21
Q

croup

A

cough in children

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22
Q

emphysema

A

alveolar destruction
loss of elastic recoil
pink puffer (barrel chest)
imbalance btw proteases and antiproteases

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23
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

bronchial edema

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24
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

an autosomal recessive disorder
patho: defective epithelial chloride ion transport, effects chromosome 7, abnormal expression of protein CFTR, decreases mucociliary action, increased adherence of bacteria, increased neutrophils.. due to malfunction of an epithelial ion pump
manifestations: mucus plugging, chronic cough, infection, inflammation, severe recurrent pneumonia, causes pancreatic insufficiency
diagnosis: chloride sweat test (will have increased chloride concentration)
treatment: pulmonary health and nutrition, releasing mucus

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25
tuberculosis
patho: bacteria lodge into sides of lungs and then multiply, cause lung inflammation. tubercules (lesions) that form around bacteria to kill it. scar tissue forms around tubercule. signs: chronic cough, fever, spitting up blood
26
metabolic acidosis
increased H concentration
27
metabolic alkalosis
decreased H concentration
28
respiratory acidosis
increased pCO2 (retention of carbon dioxide)
29
respiratory alkalosis
excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide
30
normal blood hemoglobin
15 g/dL
31
high arterial carbon dioxide
indicates inadequate ventilation
32
forced vital capacity
max air exhaled
33
forced expiratory vol in 1 sec
max air exhaled out in 1 sec normal= 80+%
34
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air during deepest inspiration
35
expiratory reserve volume
how much is left in lungs after expiration
36
residual volume
air left in lungs that will always be there so they do not collapse
37
adequacy of ventilation is best evaluated by
arterial pCO2
38
IS in obstructive diseases
FEV1/FVC ratio is below 70%
39
IS in restrictive diseases
FEV1 is normal but FVC is low
40
asthma
patho: increased airway resistance etiology: allergies, infection manifestations: chronic inflammation of airways, causes smooth muscles to contract strongly treatment: decrease inflammation, overcome excessive smooth muscle contraction w bronchodilators
41
bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchi can collapse easily
42
pulmonary edema can be caused by
lymph obstruction increased vascular hydrostatic pressure increased capillary permeability
43
digital clubbing
nail angle greater than 180 distal hyperplasia r/t chronic hypoxia
44
intubation
protects airway during anesthesia
45
tracheostomy
used to bypass obstructed airway, allows for breathing tube
46
female external genitalia
mons pubis, labia majora and minora, vestibule of vagina, clitoris, vulva
47
menstrual cycle
event: ovulation phases: menstrual, follicular/proliferative, luteal phases menstrual phase- days 1-5, estrogen and progesterone are low, corpus luteum is progressing, endometrial lining falls off, LH and FSH increase, follicles are stimulated to mature follicular/proliferative phase- days 7-12, maturation of ovarian follicle, proliferation of endometrium. on day 7, a single follicle becomes dominant, estrogen increases. days 12-13, surge of LH induced by increased estrogen, ovulation starts to occur. luteal phase- days 15-25, ovulation marks this phase, corpus luteum forms w lower LH and increased progesterone and estrogen. days 25-28 corpus luteum degenerates and all hormones go back to normal, new cycle will begin
48
amenorrhea
failure to have menses primary- never occurs (caused by congenital defects, excessive excessive, tumor, anorexia) secondary- loss of normal menstrual cycles (caused by pregnancy and menopause, anorexia, excessive exercise, stress)
49
menarche
first menstrual event avg age 12.5
50
dysmenorrhea
excessive uterine contractions due to excessive secretion of prostaglandins
51
polycystic ovary syndrome
any 2 of .. -polycystic ovary -oligoanovulation (irregular periods) -hyperandrogenism signs: menstrual cycle changes, excess body hair, weight gain, infertility
52
vaginitis
inflammation of vagina
53
salpingitis
inflammation of fallopian tubes polymicrobial blocks passage of egg
54
oophoritis
inflammation of ovaries
55
peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneum often deadly
56
septisemia
infection w/in circulatory system
57
gall stones
hardened deposits of bile or cholesterol
58
endometriosis
patho: endometrial tissue outside of uterus diagnosis: pelvic laproscopy
59
menopause
12 consecutive months of amenorrhea
60
perimenopause
time between slowing down of cycles to actual cessation decreased estrogen and progesterone, increased FSH and LH
61
benign prostate hyperplasia
patho: enlargement of prostate signs: nocturia, urinary retention, overflow incontinence compl: urinary retention leads to UTI and renal infections
62
cryptochidism
when one or both tests does not drop into scrotum
63
vericocele
vein enlargement in scrotum associated w infertility most common on left side
64
hydrocele
fluid collection btw visceral and parietal levels of tunica vaginales. scrotum swelling
65
testicular torsion
twisted spermatic cord and blood vessels needs treatment w/in 6 hrs
66
prostatitis
patho: prostate inflammation signs: myalgia, perianal pain, burning during pee, fever c/o "back is on fire"
67
primary syphillis
local invasion, painless sores
68
secondary syphillis
systemic infection w widepsread rash
69
secondary syphillis
systemic infection w widepsread rash
70
HHV 1
oral herpes/cold sores
71
HHV 2
genital herpes
72
HHV 3
chicken pox and shingles
73
HHV 4
epsteinn barr virus
74
HHV 5
cytomegalovirus, effects all bodily fluids
75
HHV 6
roseola, chronic fatigue, MS
76
herpes
most common cause of genital ulcers
77
human papillomavirus
can cause genital warts and canccer no treatment usually goes away w/in 2 yrs
78
gonorrhea
most common STD in gay/bi men
79
how do contraceptives work
thickens endometrial walls blocks sperm decreases FSH and LH by blocking gonadostimulating hormone
80
layers of small intestine
serosa (outer) muscularis externa submucosa mucosa
81
alpha amylase
dissolves carbs in the mouth
82
what delays gastric emptying
solids nonisotonic solutions fats fibers
83
stomach
stores, transports, and digests food does NOT digest polysaccharides and fats
84
chyme
undigested and unabsorbed materials
85
pepsin
from pepsinogen protein digestion only active in very acidic environment
86
duodenum
neutralizes HCl
87
jejunum
where chyme is digested suspended by mesentery
88
ileum
longest portion suspended by mesentery
89
cecum
first part of colon appendix hangs off
90
primary cause of duodenal ulcers
H pylori
91
ulcerative colitis
continuous and uniform inflammation bloody stools
92
chron's disease
patchy inflammation malnutrition occurs
93
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
94
beta cells
secrete insulin
95
delta cells
regulate alpha and beta secretes gastrin and somatostatin
96
F+PP cells
pancreatic polypeptide
97
vitamin K absorption depends on
bile formation
98
causes of jaundice
excessive breakdown of RBCs (hemolysis) extrahepatic obstruction (gallstones) intrahepatic obstruction (hepatitis/cirrhosis)
99
osteoblasts
stimulate bone formation
100
osteoclasts
resorb bone, assist w homeostasis
101
osteon
functional unit of bone
102
green stick fracture
incomplete fracture, bending more often in children
103
transverse fracture
bone is broken straight across
104
spiral fracture
caused by torsional or horizontal force
105
comminuted
when bone breaks in two or more places
106
compound fracture
when bone breaks through surface of skin
107
bony joint
synostosis immobile ossficiation
108
fibrous joint
synarthrosis bound by collagen fibers
109
cartilaginous joint
amphiarthrosis bound by cartilage
110
synovial joint
diarthrosis freely mobile six types
111
diarthroses
ball and socket hinge pivot plane saddle condylar
112
fibromyalgia
tenderness in 11/18 points w a history of diffuse pain
113
titin
protein connecting actin to z disc
114
z discs
make up each muscle unit
115
dark band
myosin
116
light band
actin
117
M line
myosin without a myosin head
118
duchenne muscular dystrophy
weaker dystrophin protein x linked recessive treatment: genetic counseling, steroids to maintain function
119
becker muscular dystrophy
decreased dystrophin expression
120
rhabdomyoloysis
patho: muscle tissue breakdown with release of myoglobin into circulation. etiology: trauma, intense exercise signs: muscle weakness and tenderness, and elevated creatine kinase, dark/red/brown urine
120
myasthenia gravis
patho: IgG antibody fixes to acetylcholine receptors signs: weakness that gets worse w exertion and improves w rest. ptosis of eyes
121
lambert easton myasthenic syndrome
patho: antibodies against volted gated calcium channels, stopping acetylcholine early signs: starts at extremities
122
fracture healing
1.hematoma formation 2.soft callus formation 3.hard callus formation 4.bone remodeling

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