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Animal Nutrition and Physiology > exam 2 review > Flashcards

exam 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: the venous system acts a pressure reservoir

A

false, the venous system is the blood reservior

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2
Q

hepatic veins drain BLANK and blood flows into BLANK

A

Liver (and HPV); inferior vena cava

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3
Q

what chamber of the heart does blood flow back to?

A

the right atrium

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4
Q

True or false: secretions across the apical membrane are of endocrine glands

A

false, secretions of the endocrine membrane occur only across the basolateral membrane into the intersistial fluid

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5
Q

do endocrine, exocrine, or both glands have ducts?

A

exocrine only, ducts release to the outside world

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6
Q

lower pH means more or less acidic, more or less basic

A

low pH, more acidic, less basic
low pHs are below 7

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7
Q

The Sympathetic nervous system is referred to as the:

A

“fight or flight” response

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8
Q

Does digestion occur before food enters the mouth?

A

Yes, digestion begins with stimuli that promotes exocrine gland
secretion in the oral cavity

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9
Q

Which salivary enzyme is responsible for breaking down glucose (starch) polymers into disaccharides?

A

salivary amylase

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10
Q

Which of the following is a short reflex arc? Long reflex arc?

A

Stretch receptors in the stomach (short); sight and smell (long) [short- internal stimuli from within the GI tract; long- stimuli maybe external or from within the GI tract]

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11
Q

True or false: incisors function to tear, rip, pierce foods

A

False, incisors are used for cutting off pieces of food, biting chunks- the above actions are of canine teeth

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12
Q

the organs of the alimentary canal

there are seven

A
  1. mouth
  2. pharanyx (three parts)
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach (four parts, fourth divided into three)
  5. small intestine (three parts)
  6. large intestine (five parts)
  7. rectum/ anus
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13
Q

what are the four sphincters? where are they? what organs do they connect to?

A
  1. UES- upper esophageal sphincter connects the larnygeopharynx to the esophagus
  2. LES (cardiac)- lower esophageal sphincter connects the esophagus to the stomach
  3. pyloric- bottom part of the stomach into the small intestine
  4. ileocecal- bottom of the small intestine at the ileum to the cecum of the large in testine
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14
Q

in order list the seven organs (+ their subdivisions) and four sphicters of the GI tract

A

mouth to
pharanyx (NOS- nasopharanyx, oropharanyx, and larnygeopharanyx)
UES to
esophagus
LES/ cardiac to
stomach (cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part [antrum, pyloric narrowing canal, pylorus] )
pyloric sphincter to
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
ileocal sphincter to
large intestine (cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal)
rectum/ anus

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15
Q

what type of cells are found in the GI tract from the stomach onward?

think why would this cell type be here? function?

A

becuase of absopotion and secretion, simple columnar (one layer) epithelial cells are found in the GI tract from the stomach organ to the large intestine

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16
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine cells

A

endocrine: entering from apical membrane, material moves across the basolateral membrane (into intersitial fluid: blood, lymph capillaries)
exocrine: materials move across apical membrane into lumen (secretion, like HCl into the stomach)

17
Q

what are enterocytes?

A

cells in the intestines that absorp monomers

18
Q

the three phases of swallowing

what parts are open and closed during each?

A
  1. buccal: you can breathe because the uvula is down and the nasopharyngeal is open, epiglotis is up not blocking the throat, and UES is contracted not allowing food (bolus) to pass
  2. pharengeal: opposite, cannot breathe as the uvula is up blocking the nasopharyngeal, epiglotis is closed blocking the trachea, and UES is relaxes allowing food (bolus) to pass
  3. esophageal: same as buccal phase
19
Q

what is rugae?

A

the temporary ridges in the stomach that increase surface area to volume ratio as it expands to accommodate more food

20
Q

what are gastric gland cells? where are they located?

A

located in along the invaginations of the epithleium of the stomach, gastric glands host four cell types:
1. mucous neck cells
2. parietal cells
3. chief cell
4. enteroendocrine cells

21
Q

what are the functions of the four gastric gland cells? which are endocrine? exocrine?

A
  1. mucous neck cells: exocrine cells that secrete acidic mucus
  2. parietal cells: exocrine cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) as seperate ions into stomach lumen by proton pump (H+)
  3. chief cell: exocrine cells that produce and secrete pepsinogen (the zymogen precursor of pepsin)
  4. enteroendocrine cells: endocrine cells secrete substance into the lamina propia (D and G cells) mostly in the antrum
22
Q

what is the pH of the stomach?

A

1-2

23
Q

proton pump: what is into to the cell? out of the cell? how does it neutralize? integreal chemical compound incorporated?

A

governed by parietal cells, the proton pump uses a H+-K+ ATPase to pump H+ into the lumen and K+ into the cells (which eventually leaves down the concentration gradient with no added energy) after H+ dissociates from HCO3- from Carbonic anhydrase

24
Q

where are D and G cells primarily located along the digestive tract?

what are they?

A

secreted from stomach enteroendocrine cells, D and G cells are in the antrum of the stomach (first 1/3) of the pyloric part

25
Q

what is the function of the two enteroendocrine cells?

A

G cells: gastrin stimulates the secretion of HCl from parietal cells and increases “gastric juice”
D cells: somatostatin (growth inhibiting hormone) inhibits gastrin from accumulating excess acidity

26
Q

functions of the three parts of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum: first, shortest section of the SI containing duodenal papilla where pancreatic juice and bile enter the SI; nuetralization of acicdic chyme from the pancreas and gall bladder
  2. jejunum: second subdivision where MOST aborption takes place
  3. ileum: last, longest part (2/3 of SI) joins at large intesting at ileocecal valve
27
Q

how does the small intestine increase surface area?

A
  1. deep, perpmanent (1cm) high mucosa and submucosa circular folds slows down movement of chyme to increase absorption
  2. vili: finger like projections (1mm) high of the epithelial and lamina propia (blood and lymphatic vessels) mucosa to digest food absorbed
  3. microvili: cytoplasmic extension of absorptive enterocyte cells giving a “brush boarder” fuzzy appearence
28
Q

shape of adult human teeth:
inscisors
cainines
premolars
molars

A

inscisors: chisel-shaped, sharp
cainines: fang-like
premolars: transitional between canines and molars
molars: rocky

29
Q

function of adult human teeth:
inscisors
cainines
premolars
molars

A

inscisors: used for cutting off pieces of food, bitting chunks
cainines: for tearing, ripping, piercing, grasping food
premolares: transitional teeth of cainine “tearing/ pirecing” and transfering to molars
molars: upper and lower lock to grind food together

30
Q

how are incisors important for herbivores?

A

tearing/ clipping vegetation
**some lack UPPER incisors

31
Q

true or false: some animals dont have teeth

A

true! birds have a keratinized bill/ beak variation for mechanical digestion

32
Q

does the increase in surface area slow down or speed up digestion? does it increase or decrease the rate of diffusion?

A

the increase in surface area slows down digestion to ensure more complete absorption of the chyme and increases the diffusion of monomers into the organs

33
Q

imagining a bolus of food moving along the GI, how is peristalsis conducted? where is it relaxed? contracted in relation to the food?

A

there are muscle contractions following behind a bolus and relaxation in front of the food

34
Q

does the pH become more basic, acidic, or remain the same through out the GI system? why might this be

A

the pH begins at 1-2 in the stomach and is acidic from HCl and becomes increasingly more basic moving along. Different enzymes respond at more alkaline pH’s - ex: pancreas and gall bladder increasing basicity of the small intestine’s duodenum papillae

35
Q

what are the two types of enteroendocrine intestinal cells?

A

I cells: produces chloecystokinin to increase the secretion of the pancreas and slow down movement in the stomach to ensure digestion
S cells: produces secretin

Animal Nutrition and Physiology (10 decks)

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