exam 2 review questions

Question 1

what marks the beginning and end of RT?

Answer 1

time between stimulus and beginning of movement

Question 2

what marks the beginning and end of premotor RT?*******ask

Answer 2

time between stimulus and

Question 3

motor rt*******

Question 4

why is RT so important to the study of human info processing?

Answer 4

helps us understand the steps of perceiving, deciding, and producing and how long those steps take

Question 5

what is the first stage of info processing?

Answer 5

stimulus identification

Question 6

what is looming?

Answer 6

something comes directly at you and visually gets bigger, usually causing an avoidance response

Question 7

what is the second stage of info processing?

Answer 7

response selection

Question 8

what were the independent and dependent variables in the henry and rogers experiment(1960)?

Answer 8

dependent=RT
independent=complexity of movement

Question 9

what stage of info processing did the henry and rogers experiment discover?

Answer 9

movement programming

Question 10

what is the difference between spatial and temporal anticipation?

Answer 10

spatial=knowing what the stimulus will be
temporal=knowing when the stimulus will occur

Question 11

how does accurate spatial anticipation speed up RT?*******

Question 12

why are RTs of less than 100ms considered a false start in track races?

Answer 12

it is believed that the runner anticipated the start

Question 13

is the demand for attention during the stimulus identification stage low or high? and how does the stroop effect show this?

Answer 13

low; there would not be a conflict if you did not detect the color and word at the same time

Question 14

what is the primary influence on whether info processing during response selection is controlled or automatic?

Answer 14

amount of practice

Question 15

what is the psychological refractory period

Answer 15

the delay to your RT to the 2nd of two closely spaced stimuli compared to your RT if the 2nd stimulus was by itself

Question 16

what causes the psychological refractory period?

Answer 16

a bottleneck in the movement programming stage

Question 17

in which stage of info processing is the need for attention typically greatest?

Answer 17

movement programming

Question 18

what form of attentional focus during an action typically results in better motor performance?

Answer 18

external

Question 19

why is external focus better than internal? what is the notion that supports it?

Answer 19

constrained action hypothesis: internal is detrimental, could cause someone to place too much focus on the feeling of a movement and cause them to do the actual action wrong

Question 20

what does the inverted-u hypothesis indicate about the relationship between arousal and motor performance?

Answer 20

moderate arousal is best

Question 21

why does the best performance occur at moderate arousal levels? explain

Answer 21

perceptual narrowing(only perceiving relevant info)

Question 22

where are the stages of info processing located in open/closed loop models? (in what component)

Answer 22

executive

Question 23

what major component do closed loop systems have that open loop systems do not?

Answer 23

comparator

Question 24

what characteristic of movement primarily determines whether a movement will be controlled by an open or closed loop?

Answer 24

time

Question 25

what is proprioception?

Answer 25

info about your body relative to your body

Question 26

what is exteroception?

Answer 26

info about the environment relative to the environment

Question 27

what is exproprioception?

Answer 27

info about the body relative to the environment

Question 28

what are the 7 sources of info feedback?

Answer 28

-vision -audition -vestibular apparatus -muscle spindles -cutaneous receptors -joint receptors -golgi tendon organs

Question 29

what part of the eye detects light?

Answer 29

retina

Question 30

what is the retina analogus to in a camera?

Answer 30

film

Question 31

what parts of the eye focus light in the retina?

Answer 31

cornea(does most) and lens(fine tunes)

Question 32

the ventral visual stream primarily uses light that strikes what part of the retina?

Answer 32

fovea

Question 33

the dorsal visual stream primarily uses light that strikes what part of the retina?

Answer 33

the whole thing

Question 34

how do the functions of the ventral and dorsal streams differ?

Answer 34

ventral-"what is it", identify dorsal-"where is it", locate

Question 35

why did the toddler fall in the moving room?

Answer 35

she thought she was falling because she saw the walls move, so to compensate, her brain made her fall

Question 36

what is global expansion?

Answer 36

you are moving forward

Question 37

what is local convergence?

Answer 37

something else is moving away from you

Question 38

what is global lamellar?

Answer 38

you are moving laterally

Question 39

what is local expansion?

Answer 39

something is coming towards you(looming)

Question 40

what is global convergence?

Answer 40

you are moving backwards

Question 41

what is local lamellar?

Answer 41

something else is moving laterally

Question 42

what are the 3 kinds of reflexive compensations? what are the times of each?

Answer 42

-M1-monosynaptic(30-50ms) -M2-polysynaptic(50-80ms) -triggered reaction(80-120ms)

Question 43

what components must be deleted to leave a purely open loop?

Answer 43

feedback and comparator

Question 44

if humans couldn't use an open loop system, how would we be disadvantaged?

Answer 44

everything would be slow, we would have to use feedback for everything, everything would be attention demanding

Question 45

what characteristic of movement primarily determines whether a movement will use an open or closed loop system?

Answer 45

duration of movement

Question 46

how fast does a movement have to be to be considered rapid/open loop?*********

Question 47

why are rapid movements not primarily controlled by a closed loop system?

Answer 47

feedback takes time to use; not enough time to use conscious feedback loops

Question 48

can feedback contribute to the control of rapid movements?

Answer 48

yes, but to an extent; reflexes and perhaps the dorsal visual stream could be used

Question 49

because rapid movements cannot use conscious feedback, and reflexive loops are only somewhat helpful, how are rapid movements thought to be generated?

Answer 49

motor program

Question 50

what is a motor program?

Answer 50

a pre-structured set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement

Question 51

in what component of the open loop system is the motor program prepared for execution?

Answer 51

movement programming

Question 52

once the motor program is prepared, how are the details of the movement communicated to the muscles?

Answer 52

as action potentials sent via the spinal cord and peripheral nerves(uses descending pathways)

Question 53

besides the ability to control rapid movements, what is the other major advantage of using a motor program to execute a movement?

Answer 53

using a motor program can free up attention

Question 54

what are the 3 pieces of evidence that a motor program, or something like it, exists?

Answer 54

-henry and rogers experiment -deafferentation experiments -mechanically blocking movement of a limb

Question 55

a mechanism that is similar to the motor program is said to control certain types of movements like human locomotion, chewing, and breathing. what is this mechanism called?

Answer 55

central pattern generator(CPG)

Question 56

CPGs are said to be genetically defined and reside in the spinal cord. what does genetically defined mean?

Answer 56

they are inherited and often functional at birth

Question 57

how long would a movement have to be to use absolutely no feedback?

Answer 57

less than 30ms

Question 58

how is it known that the CPGs reside in the spinal cord, rather than the cerebrum? (2)

Answer 58

stepping reflex and decerebrate preparation

Question 59

what were the 2 major problems with original notion of motor programs?

Answer 59

storage and novelty problems

Question 60

what theory was proposed to solve the problems with the notion of a motor program?

Answer 60

generalized motor program(GMP)

Question 61

what is a GMP?

Answer 61

a motor program that defines a general pattern of movement rather than a specific movement

Question 62

what are modifiable features of a GMP called?

Answer 62

parameters

Question 63

what are the 3 parameters?

Answer 63

movement time, movement amplitude, and effector