Modules 1 & 2 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
term that refers to human movement
A
motor
2
Q
what is the only way that humans have of affecting the world?
A
movement
3
Q
why do we have brains?
A
to produce complex movements by contracting muscles
4
Q
what are the 3 sub disciplines of motor behavior?
A
motor control, motor learning, and motor development
5
Q
study of motor performance at any given time
A
motor control
6
Q
study of the acquisition of skills
A
motor learning
7
Q
study of change of performance over time
A
motor development
8
Q
can be seen as a task; can be seen in multiple different ways
A
motor skill
9
Q
motor skill has a defined beginning and end, often a brief duration of movement
A
discrete
10
Q
a motor skill that is made up of a group of discrete skills strung together to make a new, more complicated movement
A
serial
11
Q
a motor skill that has no particular beginning or end; flows on for several minutes
A
continuous
12
Q
when the environment for a motor skill is variable and unpredictable during the action
A
open
13
Q
when the environment for a motor skill is stable and predictable during the action
A
closed
14
Q
motor skill that uses small muscle groups
A
fine
15
Q
motor skill that uses large muscle groups
A
gross
16
Q
skill where decision-making is the most important part, even when action is involved
A
cognitive skill
17
Q
skill where decision-making is not critical, but movement is
A
motor skill
18
Q
what are the 3 critical elements in performance of a motor skill?
A
perceiving, deciding, and producing
19
Q
the ability to bring about an end result with maximum certainty, minimum outlay of energy, and minimum time
A
skill
20
Q
what are the 3 components of skill proficency?
A
-max certainty of goal achievement
-min outlay of energy
-min time to achieve goal
21
Q
what are the 3 types of error scores?
A
absolute error, constant error, and variable error
22
Q
average error; (ex,. -1, -2, 3, 1) get rid of signs, add together, and divide by number of errors
A
absolute error
23
Q
error where you leave signs in and find average with signs; shows direction of error(long or short)
A
constant error
24
Q
error for internal consistency/personal average/variable or constant
A
variable error
25
what are the 2 ways still can be conceptualized?
-task
-level of proficiency
26
can CNS injuries heal?
no
27
about how many SCI per year in US?
18,000
28
what is the mean age of someone who gets SCI?
43
29
what percent of SCI happens to males?
79%
30
what percent of SCI does alcohol play a role in?
25%
31
how many people in US living with SCI?
302,000
32
what is the #1 cause of SCI and what percent does it make up?
motor vehicles; 38%
33
what is the #2 cause of SCI?
falls(31%)
34
what is the #3 cause of SCI?
violence(15%)
35
what is the #4 cause of SCI?
sports(8%)
36
what is the average hospital stay of someone with SCI?
43 days
37
what is the average rate of employment 1 year after SCI?
18%
38
what is the average lifetime cost of SCI?
$1.4-5.8 million
39
what does impairment resulting from SCI depend on?
extent of lesion(complete/incomplete) and neurological level(location)
40
information stops 100% in SCI, no feeling past damaged spot
complete
41
some information goes past damaged spot in SCI
incomplete
42
where would you have to be injured for an SCI to be considered tetraplegia?
C4 and C6
43
where would you have to be injured for an SCI to be considered paraplegia?
T6 and L1
44
what are the two divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
45
what does the CNS consist of?
brain and spinal cord
46
what does the PNS consist of?
extended nerves off of brain and spinal cord
47
name of neuron cell body
soma
48
control center of neuron
nucleus
49
bring information into the cell body
dendrites
50
attached to axon; speeds up transmission time of information
myelin sheaths
51
sends info away from neuron's cell body
axon
52
releases neurotransmitters from neuron
axon terminals
53
other name for sensory neurons
afferent neurons
54
other name for motor neurons
efferent neurons
55
connecter neurons, neither sensory nor motor; majority of neurons
interneurons
56
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum/cerebral cortex?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
57
on the somatosensory cortex and motor cortex, why do the hands take up as much brain tissue as the thigh?
the hands need to be able to do fine movements and feel very slight sensory sensations
58
helps provide smooth, coordinated body movements; critically important for movement coordination and learning; also important for thoughts and emotions; drinking impairs this
cerebellum
59
lack of movement coordination due to damage to the cerebellum
ataxia
60
connects brain and spinal cord; contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla
brain stem
61
smallest portion of the brainstem; transmits info necessary for vision and hearing
midbrain
62
link between cerebellum and cerebrum; regulates sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, etc
pons
63
cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor centers; regulates involuntary functions such as breathing, HR, and BP
medulla
64
when a baby, 12 months or younger unexpectedly dies while sleeping because of an obstructed airway; caused by an abnormality in how the baby's brainstem uses serotonin
SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome)
65
how many vertebrae makes up the spinal column?
31
66
how many vertebrae in each section of the spinal cord?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 2 fused coccygeal
67
the pathways to and from the brain have ________ matter because that is where the axons are
white
68
why do axons make up white matter?
they are covered in myelin, which is white
69
_____ matter makes up cell bodies
grey
70
the ventral root of the spinal cord contain _________________ neurons
motor/efferent
71
the dorsal root of the spinal cord contains ________________ neurons
sensory/afferent
72
what can help peripheral nerve damage repair itself?
peripheral nerve transplants
73
human movement is largely a function of _______________________
muscle contraction
74
how many muscles are there?
over 600
75
what is the longest muscle?
sartorius
76
what is the shortest muscle?
stapedius
77
the function of muscles is ...
to apply force to bones
78
muscle contraction involves the cooperation of what 3 major systems?
nervous, muscular, and skeletal
79
what attaches muscle to bones?
tendon
80
does muscle have to be attached to bones?
yes
81
what do muscle fibers do to contract?
shorten
82
do muscles pull or push on bones?
pull
83
muscle tries to shorten but does not, so the bone does not move; tension is generated, but no movement occurs; gravity is an example of this
static muscle action
84
body segment moves during generation of muscle tension
dynamic muscle action
85
part of dynamic muscle action; muscle shortens during contraction(bicep while bending elbow)
concentric muscle action
86
part of dynamic muscle action; muscle lengthens while contracting(tricep while bending elbow)
eccentric muscle action
87
muscles that are responsible for causing a particular motion(prime mover)
agonist
88
muscle that performs joint motion opposite that of the prime mover
antagonist
89
what is the simple process of how we move?
brain tells muscle to move-->muscle moves
90
the occurrence that for the agonist to carry out the desired motion, the antagonist must relax, and must be told to do so
reciprocal inhibition
91
what are the 2 factors that affect muscle tension?
-number of muscle fibers contracting
-tension developed by each muscle fiber involved in contraction
92
one motor neuron and the group of fibers it innervates
motor unit
93
what are the 2 ways that the CNS adjusts active muscle force?
-motor unit recruitment
-neural stimulation frequency
94
when more motor units are brought in to help a movement; they are brought in from smallest to largest; varying degrees of force can be achieved
motor unit recruitment
95
muscle fibers can be stimulated with action potentials at different frequencies; more frequent stimulation results in greater muscle force development
neural stimulation frequency
96
individual differences and abilities are studied using a statistical technique called ________________; the measure of the degree of association between 2 variables; referred to as the statistic of individual differences
correlation
97
graphical representation of a correlation
scatterplot
98
what are the 2 features of a correlation?
direction and strength
99
the description of a correlation and how it can be positive, negative, or have no correlation
direction
100
when both values in a scatterplot increase simultaneously
positive correlation
101
when one value increases in a correlation and the other decreases
negative correlation
102
the extent to which a relationship is perfectly linear
strength
103
are direction and strength dependent or independent?
independent
104
correlations can be quantified by computing the ____________________
correlation coefficient(r)
105
what is the strongest negative/positive correlation? and what signifies no correlation?
-1/1; 0
106
what signifies a weak correlation?
.1-.3
107
what signifies a moderate correlation?
.4-.6
108
what signifies a strong correlation?
.7+
109
___________ cannot be inferred from correlations, nonetheless, correlations are often used to predict performances
causality
110
correlations can be used to study human __________
abilities
111
a stable, enduring, mainly genetically-defined trait that underlies skill performance, and is not modified by practice
ability
112
which influences the other between skills and abilities
abilities influence skills
113
are skills or abilities modifiable via practice?
skills
114
theory that no longer exists; a single, general ability was thought to underlie individual differences in motor behavior
theory of general motor ability
115
why is the theory of general motor ability wrong?
a study was done using balance tests, and the correlations were very weak(highest was .31)
116
the hypothesis that individual differences in motor behavior are based on many specific abilities; multiple traits influence your abilities; the more accurate theory
specificity hypothesis
117
how quickly you react to something; cannot be changed unless it happens naturally
reaction time
118
underlies tasks in which relatively large objects are manipulated using hands and arms
manual dexterity
119
involves quick choices among a number of alternative movements, more or less as in choice reaction time
response orientation
120
involves tasks in which small objects are manipulated by fingers and hands
finger dexterity
121
theoretically, if you can identify and measure abilities that underlie a particular skill, you should be able to __________________________________
predict future performance
122
3 reasons it is difficult to predict future performance
-# of abilities underlying performance may be large or not well understood
-abilities may be difficult to measure
-patterns necessary for successful performance change with practice
123
what are the 3 individual difference variables?
age, sex, and intelligence
124
increasing in age may cause a decrease in ______________ and ___________________
reaction time and motor performance
125
at what ages is the peak for reaction time?
18-25
126
males tend to outperform females in __________ motor tasks that require _____________________
gross; absolute strength
127
females tend to outperform males in __________ motor tasks that require _____________ and ______________
fine; speed and repetition
128
what are the biophysical differences in males and females? (5)
-height
-weight
-body fat
-muscle mass
-aerobic capacity/anaerobic threshold
129
which gender improved faster in sports in the 20th century?
females
130
in what year did the gender gap stabilize(10%)?
1983
131
a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience
intelligence
132
what is the correlation between IQ and motor performance in children, and is it weak, moderate, strong, or a combination?
r=.44; 19%; weak/moderate
133
________________________ is common in individuals with a very low IQ, usually 70 or below(mental disability)
motor impairment
134
