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Animal Welfare > Exam 2 (shannon's version) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (shannon's version) Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

what are the three ways that you can measure welfare?

A

behavioral
applied
technical

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2
Q

define behavioral measure

A

how many times an animal does a specific behavior

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3
Q

define applied measures

A

quickly measureable

visual in nature

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4
Q

define technical measures

A

physiological or environmental factors associated with animal welfare

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5
Q

what are the five requirements to asses animal welfare accurately?

A
  1. measured objectively - unaltered by emotion or bias
  2. the thing being measured must be related to the species you are concerned with
  3. impact of human presence and restraint stress must be accounted for - confounded
  4. clearly see the sample (animal) at all times
  5. no sampling bias - don’t refer to animals by their names
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6
Q

define confounded

A

where a dependent variable is influenced by external conditions

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7
Q

define ethogram

A

a dictionary of names and description of all behavioral patterns an animal may have

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8
Q

how can data be collected?

A

duration
or
frequency

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9
Q

what are the three behavioral sampling methods?

A

focal
scan
time

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10
Q

define focal sampling

A

record all activities of one animal continuously

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11
Q

define scan sampling

A

count the number of animals that are doing a specific behavior at predetermined time intervals

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12
Q

define time sampling

A

perform focal sampling at intervals throughout the hour

-not as accurate as focal

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13
Q

what are avoidance tests used for?

A

assessing fear of factors associated with negative experiences

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14
Q

what are applied measure the primary components of?

A

auditing system

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of an auditing system?

A

quick to measure
repeatable
outcome based variables
animal based assessment

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16
Q

what are the things that are commonly measured with applied measures?

A
  • coat, skin, feathers
  • body condition
  • locomotion/lameness
  • wound/lesions
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17
Q

what could coat/skin/feather condition indicate?

A

flaws in management

presence of disease

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18
Q

what do you focus on when looking at coat/skin/feather condition?

A

the presence of hair, fur, or feathers

-NOT sheen or roughness

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19
Q

what do you asses when looking at body condition?

A

fatness and thickness

visibility of skeletal structure through skin

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20
Q

when body condition scoring dairy cattle, what do you have to take into consideration?

A

lactation

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21
Q

when measuring locomotion/lameness what are you looking for?

A

ease or difficulty of walking

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22
Q

what could cause an animal to have issues with locomotion/lameness?

A

facility
nutrition
management

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23
Q

what are you looking for when scoring wounds/lesions?

A

prevalence and severity of the wounds/lesions

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24
Q

what are wound/lesions influenced by?

A

handling
facility
genetic predisposition

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25
what are the characteristics of technical measures?
``` precise objective costly heavy on physiological and biochemistry difficult to conduct ```
26
what are common technical measures?
hormones: cortisol & epinephrine metabolites: glucose & lactate
27
what are hormones and metabolites influenced by?
fight or flight
28
what is the fight or flight response?
stimulus of the sympathetic nervous system. | - it prepares the body for an increase in energy demand
29
what are the two types of stress?
distress | eustress
30
what is distress?
negative stress | fear
31
what is eustress?
positive stress | seeking
32
how does the fight or flight response work?
1. stressful stimulus 2. activation of amygdala and hypothalamus 3. CRF released 4. anterior pituitary secretes ACTH 5. adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and cortisol 6. physiological change
33
what do ephinephrine and cortisol increase?
blood glucose
34
how is lactate formed?
if the metabolic rate exceeds oxygen supply
35
what causes metabolic rate to increase?
stress
36
what is needed to make energy?
glucose
37
how do you measure cortisol and epinephrine?
radioimmunoassay enzyme linked immunosorbent -use anitbodies to extract hormones from the sample then use radioactivity or color to measure concentration
38
how do you measure glucose and lactate?
measured by enzymatic digestion | end results of reaction create color or changes in conductivity
39
what are characteristics of technical measures?
expensive time consuming hard unforgiving
40
what is the primary focus in technical measures?
to be objective
41
what is the main factor that should be taken into consideration with technical measures?
human presence
42
what is the objective of animal handling?
to manipulate animal behavior through visual, auditory, and/or physical stimuli learned behaviors produce the desired outcome
43
when handling animals what is the most important thing to take account for?
status of the food chain | prey vs. predator
44
what are the characteristics of predator behavior?
- social structure - dominance - solitary - eyes on front of head - binocular vision - attracted to rapid movement - fight or flight - dogs and cats
45
what are the characteristics of prey behavior?
- social structure - gregarious - eyes on side of head - scanning for predators - sensitive to sound - cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats
46
how long does it take for an excited animal to calm down?
20-30 minutes
47
what is herding animal behavior controlled by?
vision
48
what is flight zone?
animal comfort zone animal will move away from you if you get too close animal will face you when you are out of their flight zone flight zone will vary depending on species
49
what impacts flight zones?
``` genetics handling history sex pregnancy status familiar environment ```
50
what happens when the animal turns away from you??
you are in their flight zone
51
what is the point of balance?
it is between the shoulder and eye | it stops forward or reverse movement
52
what is the point of balance used for??
to control the direction of motion behind = move forward in front = move backward
53
what is the objective of animal handling?
keep the animal calm | manipulate behavior
54
why are painful procedures used?
increased safety -dehorning, castration treatment of injury or disease - tail docking production of desirable products - castration identification - ear tagging/notching
55
when were most painful procedures developed?
before we had recognized animal pain
56
what two categories can painful procedures be put into?
medically necessary | medically unnecessary
57
what are some medically necessary procedures?
obvious: surgery (amputation, tumor removal) | not so obvious: catheters, feeding tubes, trauma, toxicity
58
what are some medically unnecessary procedures?
``` tail docking ear cropping dew claw removal declaw spay/neuter ```
59
why is good animal welfare a vital component of successful production animal husbandry?
welfare state affects the: - product being produced - financial health of the producer - consumer perception - marketing of product - ethical for animals
60
what is the basis of companion animal welfare??
ethics | end goal is companionship, not a product
61
what is the biggest obstacle for companion animal welfare?
"because I can"
62
what would motivate the companion animal care giver to employ pain relief or avoid painful procedures?
societal shift of ethics education awareness
63
what are the three categories of pain?
acute chronic pathological
64
what is acute pain?
pain generated by initial procedure
65
what is chronic pain??
follows acute pain | during healing process
66
what is pathological pain??
generated by nerve damage | may last weeks, month, years
67
how should you asses pain??
using indirect indicators
68
what are some ways to asses pain?
physiological - heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, brain activity, hormones, and metabolites behavioral - restlessness, vocalization, tail swishing, ear flicking
69
what should you consider before performing a painful procedure?
is it necessary? what are the harms? what are the benefits? do the benefits out weigh the harms?
70
what is analgesics?
reduced or eliminates the mechanism causing pain
71
what is anesthetic?
removes sensation of pain and may induce a state of unconsciousness
72
if it ends in "ic" it is what?
a drug or a compound
73
if it ends in "ia" it is what?
state the animal will be in after taking the drug
74
what is sedation?
level of consciousness has nothing to do with pain a sedated animal could still feel pain
75
what is a paralytic?
neuromuscular blocking agent block nerve transmission in skeletal muscle -need ventilation
76
what are common pain drugs?
alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists -analgesics and sedative NSAIDs anti inflammatory and analgesics
77
what is the most common anesthetic?
lidocaine | -numming
78
what are the four methods of administration of drugs?
1. systemic - swallow, inject, inhale (analgesics) 2. epidural - injection in vertebral canal 3. regional - injection in specific nerve 4. local - topical or injection direct application

Animal Welfare (6 decks)

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