exam 2 slides

Question 1

grey matter

Answer 1

has dorsal horns, ventral horns and lateral horns

Question 2

dorsal horns

Answer 2

have cell bodies of interneurons where afferent neurons terminate (somatic and visceral)

Question 3

ventral horns

Answer 3

cell bodies of efferent motor neurosn (somatic motor nuclei)

Question 4

lateral horns

Answer 4

-cell bodies of autonomic nerve fibers (cardiac and smooth muscle and exocrine glands)
-T1 to L2

Question 5

white matter

Answer 5

3 columns on each side of spinal cord
-organized in tracts (ascending and descending)

Question 6

ascending tract

Answer 6

afferent information from cord to brain
-in posterior columns

Question 7

descending tracts

Answer 7

messages from brain to cord
-in anterior column

Question 8

where will afferent axons with signals from peripheral receptors enter?

Answer 8

enter spinal cord on dorsal side through dorsal roots

Question 9

where do efferent go?

Answer 9

exit cord on ventral side through ventral roots

Question 10

what forms spinal nerve?

Answer 10

dorsal and central roots at each level joining
-“mixed” nerve and can carry 2 way information from afferent or efferent neurons

Question 11

reflex arc

Answer 11

-5 components: sensory receptor (action potential), afferent pathway, integrating center (CNS), efferent pathway and effector organ (muscle/ gland)

Question 12

simple reflex arc steps

Answer 12

-activation of a receptor by stimulus
-activation of sensory neuron (stimulation of dendrites produces graded polarization)
-information processing in the CNS
-activation of a motor neuron (interneuron stimulates motor neurons that carry AP to periphery)
-response of a peripheral effector

Question 13

afferent division

Answer 13

-cause receptor potential (graded depolarization)
-sensory
-away from CNS
-sodium influx
-stronger stimulus= greater permeability

Question 14

tonic receptors

Answer 14

-continuous information about stimulus
-no adaptation
-increase stimulus increase action potential

Question 15

phasic receptors

Answer 15

-active for short time
-turn off
-pressure on skin (not always aware of jewelry)

Question 16

lateral inhibition

Answer 16

-inhibit neighbor
-stimulates inhibitory interneurons between ascending fibers

Question 17

somatosensory pathways

Answer 17

reaches level of conscious awareness through ascending pathways
-3 pthways

Question 18

1st order

Answer 18

afferent

Question 19

second order

Answer 19

interneurons in pioterioir gray horn

Question 20

3rd order

Answer 20

thalamus to primary sensory cortex

Question 21

spinothalamic pathway

Answer 21

-crude touch and pressure
-pain and temp

Question 22

posterioir column pathway

Answer 22

-fine touch, pressure and vibration

Question 23

nociceptors

Answer 23

-release nt P or glutamate when in pain

Question 24

type A delta fibers

Answer 24

-fast pain/ sharp pain

Question 25

Type C

Answer 25

-slow pain like burning -poor localization -A first then C lasts longer

Question 26

analgesia

Answer 26

-suppress pain without affecting consciousness -descending pathways supress pain as it enters spinal cord (axoaxonic synapse)

Question 27

reffered pain

Answer 27

ascending

Question 28

NMJ

Answer 28

chemical link between the CNS and muscle fiber

Question 29

motor unit

Answer 29

-1 motor unit per all muscle fibers for that neuron

Question 30

NMJ events

Answer 30

-releach ACh (opens ca2+ channels) -formation of end plat potential -initiate AP (propogates along sarcolemma) -Acetylcholinestrase ends ACh

Question 31

myasthenia gravis

Answer 31

-inactivates ACh receptor channels -autoimmune -antibodies made against motor end plate -muscle weakness bc ACh cant bind

Question 32

preganglionic neurons

Answer 32

-sypans on postganglionic neurons

Question 33

autonomic ganglia

Answer 33

-cell bodies outside CNS -innervate visceral effectors

Question 34

autonomic nervous system

Answer 34

-sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 35

sympathetic fibers

Answer 35

-leave from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord -short pre long post -fight or fligh

Question 36

parasympathetic fibers

Answer 36

-leave from brain stem and sacrum -rest and digest -long pre short post -ganglia close to organ

Question 37

ANS receptor s

Answer 37

-nicotinic and miscarinic

Question 38

nicotinic receptors

Answer 38

-all autonomic ganglia -at NMJ of somatic nervous system

Question 39

muscarinic

Answer 39

-on effector cell membranes (cardiac and smooth muscle) -bind to ACh released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

Question 40

muscle order

Answer 40

myofibrils made of myofilaments (thick and thin)

Question 41

thin filaments

Answer 41

actin

Question 42

i band

Answer 42

contains only THIN filaments -Z lines and titin (elastic protein)

Question 43

A band

Answer 43

-m line (center) -H band (only thick) -zone overlap (thick and think overlap)

Question 44

tropomyosin

Answer 44

-covers active site on g actin

Question 45

troponin

Answer 45

-binds to tropomyosin -controlled by calcium

Question 46

isotonic contraction

Answer 46

-constant tension -muscle changes length resulting in motion

Question 47

isometric contraction

Answer 47

-muscle length remains constant -tensions that never exceeds load

Question 48

at rest

Answer 48

-skeletal muscle metabolizes fatty acid

Question 49

light activity

Answer 49

-generate ATP through aerobic breakdown of glucose from stored glycogen -ATP from oxidative phosphorylation

Question 50

peak activity

Answer 50

-energy stores in creatine phosphate to recharge ADP to ATP -ATP from anaerobic reactions that make pyruvate via glycosis -pyruvate to lactic acid

Question 51

slow fibers

Answer 51

-type 1 -small diameter -many mitochondria

Question 52

fast fiber

Answer 52

-type 2a -myoglobin (red color) -highly vascularized -split ATP fast

Question 53

fast fiber b

Answer 53

-type 2b -large diameter -few mitochondria -anaerobic movement for short duration

Question 54

smooth muscle tissue

Answer 54

-excitation contraction coupling -calcium binds with calmodulin -lets myosin heads attach to actin