Lecture 1

Question 1

organization levels

Answer 1

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ and body system, organism

Question 2

chemical level

Answer 2

atoms and molecules
-mostly carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen (atoms)
-molecules: DNA, proteins, carbs, fats and nucleic acids

Question 3

proteins and carbs

Answer 3

fatty acid is the macromolecule

Question 4

basic functions

Answer 4

individual cell survival, essential for that
-nutrients and oxy from surrounding environment
-chemical reactions that provide energy for the cell
-remove co2 and waste to the surrounding environment
-synth necessary things
-control exchange of materials btwn cell and environment
-reproduction

Question 5

specialized functions

Answer 5

survival of whole body
-modifications of basic functions
-ex: gland cells in digestive system secrete enzymes to break down
-ex: kidney cells retain substances and eliminate unwanted substances
-muscles make intracellular movement to contract muscles
-nerve cells make and transmit electrical impulses that relay information

Question 6

tissue

Answer 6

-similar cells with specialized function
-4 types (m,n,e,c)

Question 7

tendons

Answer 7

connect muscle and bones

Question 8

organ

Answer 8

2 or more types of primary tissues that work together to perform a function

Question 9

11 systems

Answer 9

circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, immune, nervous, endocrine and reproductive

Question 10

homeostasis

Answer 10

everything is in dynamic constancy
-continuous changes that stay in balance
-body cells are internal environment and the external environment is there the organism lives

Question 11

internal environment

Answer 11

-ecf surrounds cells and has 2 parts
-plasma and interstitial fluid
-intracellular fluid is inside the cells and is 67% of all fluid in the body

Question 12

plasma

Answer 12

ecf od blood

Question 13

interstitial

Answer 13

ecf btwn cells

Question 14

homeostasis ex:

Answer 14

-eating will raise blood glucose levels
-they return to normal
dynamic constancy: levels are stable over long periods of time and fluctuate over short periods of time

Question 15

o2 and co2

Answer 15

o2 needed for chemical reactions and co2 needs to be removed

Question 16

enzymes

Answer 16

are ph dependant

Question 17

circulatory system

Answer 17

heart, blood vessels and blood
-materials from one part of body to other

Question 18

digestive system

Answer 18

-mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and others
-break things down to smaller molecules
-water and electolytes from outside to inside environment
-eliminate undigested food residues to external environment (feces)

Question 19

respiratory

Answer 19

-lungs and airways
-eliminates co2

Question 20

urinary

Answer 20

kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra
-remove water, salt, acid, and electrolytes

Question 21

skeletal system

Answer 21

-bones and joints
-storage reserves for calcium
-bone marrow sources blood vessels

Question 22

immune

Answer 22

-wbc, lymphoid organs
-repair and replace worn out cells

Question 23

homeostasis control systems

Answer 23

-network of body components
-maintains constant levels
-detects deviations from normal internal environment
-integrate information with other relevant info
-make adjustments in activity of body to get

Question 24

2 types of homeostasis control systems

Answer 24

-intrinsic controls (local)
-extrinsic controls (systematic)

Question 25

intrinsic controls

Answer 25

-built into an organ -autoregulation

Question 26

extrinsic

Answer 26

-nervous and endo -started outside an organ to change organ activity -permits coordinated regulation of several organs to reach a common goal

Question 27

feedback systems

Answer 27

-2 types of reactions to change regulated variable

Question 28

negative feedback

Answer 28

-primary type -response opposes initial -returns to homeostasis -parts: receptor/ sensor, control center (integrates), and effector -control system output is regulated to resist change

Question 29

reflex

Answer 29

-specific, involuntary and unpremeditates/ built in responses to a specific stimulus -ex: pulling hand away from hot object/ close eyes to smth flying @ face

Question 30

reflex arc

Answer 30

-pathway that mediates a reflex -parts: stimulus, receptor, afferent, integreating center, efferent, pathway, effector

Question 31

stimulus

Answer 31

detect changes in internal or external environment

Question 32

receptor

Answer 32

detects environmental changes

Question 33

affecrent (sensory pathway) pathway

Answer 33

-incoming signal travels from receptor to integration center

Question 34

positive feedback

Answer 34

-further from homeostasis -initial stimulus produces an effector response that enhances or amplifies initial change -controlled variable continues to move in direction of initial change -normal range is not maintained -potential dangerous or stressful process to be completed quickley ex: labor and delivery

Question 35

feedforward mechanism

Answer 35

-initiate reponses in anticipation of change in a regulated variable -not often used -ex: stomach growls/ salivating before a meal -lets homeostatic mechanisms be used immediately and automatically by activating them when a challange is likley to occur (shiver before going into ocean)

Question 36

maintained homeostasis

Answer 36

physiology

Question 37

not maintained/ abnormal functioning and disease

Answer 37

pathophysiology

Question 38

64 yr old man of fair skin in sun all day, several hrs later he feels light headed and looks flushed, his sweating eventually stops, explain the condition

Answer 38

-no water to replace the sweat and the water for the sweat is coming from the ecf/ plasma creating an ion imbalance -salt outside and plasma inside -the cells shrink and b.v. dilate making him look flushed and then they constrict less blood circulation and less blood to the brain resulting in heatstroke -needs isotonic iv