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physio > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

cytoplasm

A

portion of cell interior not occupied by nucleus
-3 parts: organelles, cytoskeleton and cytosol

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2
Q

cytoskeleton

A

scaffolding of proteins

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3
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion surrounding organelles

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

-cholesterol maintains its fluidity
-thin membrane, encloses cell
-selective barrier separates ICF and ECF
-water soluble cant pass and lipid soluble can pass bc the non polar tails (hydrophobic)

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5
Q

2 categories of organelles

A

-membraneous and non membranous

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6
Q

nonmembrenous organelles

A

-ribosomes, proteasome and centrioles

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7
Q

er

A

surrounds nucleus and receives mrna
-smooth and rough

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8
Q

rer

A

-make proteins
-have ribosomes on cytolosolic surface
-3 things happen to the proteins: secreted by the cell (hormones or enzymes), distributed to other organelles (lysosomes for digestion), used in constructing new cellular membrane (KNOW THAT)
-in the lumen the protein is folded into its final conformation and or modified

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9
Q

ser

A

-lipid synthesis
-ovaries, testes, liver, muscle
-liver= sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

misfolded proteins

A

destoyed by ubiquitin proteasome pathway
-tagged with ubiquitin (doom tag)
-ubiquitin directs tagged protein out of the rer and into a proteasome

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11
Q

proteasome

A

has protease which is a protein that breaks down enzymes

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12
Q

misfolded proteins resisting ubiquitin

A

-mad cow disease, alzheimers etc (prion diseases)
-build up of misfolded protein and essentially poison cells

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13
Q

golgi

A

-slightly curves with enclosed sacs
-vesicle transport from 1 golgi sac to the next (membrane curving coat protein 1 (COPI))
-transport vesicles from the er
-post office of proteins sorting them to their destinations

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14
Q

lysosomes

A

-formed by part of the golgi
-has hydrolytic enzymes
-break down molecules by adding water
-intracellular digestive system
-autophagy (break down damage/ nonfunctioning organelles)
-3 types of endocytosis : pinocytosis, receptor mediated and phagocytosis

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15
Q

pinocytosis

A

-cell drinking
-nonselective
-small volume of ECF taken
-forms endosome or endocytic vesicle

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16
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

-selective process
-binding to the surface membrane receptors for that specific molecule
-binding causes plasma membrane to fold inward
-ouch made by linked clathrin and forms coated pit to form internalized clathrin coated vesicle

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17
Q

Clathrin

A

Membrane deforming coat proteins

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18
Q

Coated pit

A

Forms cage like structure forming coated vesicle

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19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-cell eating
-not selective
-pseudopods
-phagosome fuses with lysosome and destroys anything

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20
Q

Peroxisomes

A

-make and decompose hydrogen peroxide while degrading toxic molecules
-has oxidative enzymes and contains cell catalase
-

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21
Q

Oxidative enzymes

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A

-use oxygen to strip hydrogen from organic molecules (lipids and alc)
-oxy and hydrogen stripped from toxic molecules to form hydrogen peroxide which is broken into water and oxygen with a catalase
-this prevents the build up of hydrogen peroxide also breaks fatty acid into 2carbon that is a source to generate atp

22
Q

Mitochondria

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A

-double membrane
-inner=cristae
-inner cavity= matrix (has citric acid)
-glycolysis and citric acid cycle to produce energy

23
Q

Glycolysis

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A
  • Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate, releases 2 hydrogen and 2 NAdh, nad + links glycolysis to etc
24
Q

Citric acid cycle

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A

Pyruvate goes into mitochondrial matrix, loses 1 carbon creating carbon dioxides 2 carbon enter cycle through aceytl-CoA combining with oxaloacetate which forms 6 citrate, 2 more carbon leave and make co2, hydrogen released binds to H carrier molecules Na dh and Fadh2 where they will go to etc, each acetal = 1 ATP, each glucose= 2 ATP

25
Oxidative phosphorylation
-ago synthesized with energy released by electrons as they are transferred to oxygen -involves 2 groups (electron transport system and ATP synthase)
26
Electron transport system
-Makes water in inner mitochondrial membrane
27
Chemiosmosis
-Makes ATP using concentration gradient and channels that have ATP synthase
28
Cytosol
- 55% cell volume, 3 types of activity: enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolisms ribosomal protein synthesis,storing fat and carbohydrates )
29
Enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
Chemical reactions inside cell that involve degradations, synthesis and transformation of small organic molecules (sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids)
30
storage of fate, carbs and secretory vesicles
-when in excess, converted into storage (inclusions) -too much storage= lysosomal storage disease
31
cytoskeleton functions
-links parts of the cell -shape and geometry -intracellular transport and cellular movements 3 filaments (actin, intermediate and microtubules)
32
actin filaments
-made of g actin monomers (beads on a string) -polymer of 2 twisting chains (F-actin) -helps muscles contract and amoeboid movements -microvilli mechanical support (hair like on the surface of epithelial cells) (small kidney and intestine) -more surface area for transport across the membrane
33
intermediate filaments
-strands of proteins twisted (like keratin) -resist external stress on the cell -in nerve axons (neurofilaments strengthen axons) -keratin in eptihelial cells (tie adjacent cells together)
34
microtubules
hollow tubes of tubulin (transport in neuron ie highway) -most rigid filaments -come from centrosome and centrioles -position organelles like er, golgi, lysosome and mitochondria -maintain nerve cell shape (assymetric) -highway fro secretory vesicles -cilia and flagella movement -mitotic spindles w centrosomes during mitosis
35
nucleus
largest membrane bound organelle -nucleosome -double layer nuclear envelope (has pores) -has nucleolus
36
dna functions
-protein synthesis -genetic blueprint during mitosis
37
nucleosome
-dna loosely coiled around histones in chromatin
38
chromatin
nondividing cell
39
chromatid
during division -tightly folded -forms rod like bodies (chromosomes)
40
nucleolus
-synth rNA and make ribosomal subunits -made of RNA, enzymes and histones
41
gene
functioning unit of heredity -sequence of nucleotides of a DNA strand, specifies amino acids needed to make a protein
42
genetic info flow
DNA-> transcription -> RNA -> translation -> protein
43
3 base sequences
-4 triplets represent amino acids -64 DNA combos (64 ways to arrange in 3) -61 of 64 specify amino acids the other 3 are stop codons
44
stop codons
- u are annoying -u go away -u are gone -represent the end of the genetic message
45
transcription
-DNA -> pre-mRNA --2 antiparallel DNA strands separate -RNA polymerase binds to DNA -begins at start signal in promoter sequence (nucleotide sequence tells polymerase where to start and in one direction) -one strande (template) is used to make a complementary sequence (primary RNA transcipt/ pre-mrna) -polymerase reads DNA code and adds nucleotides to form mrna in codons (3 base sequence) -enzyme and premrna detach from dna at stop signal
46
post transcription modification
-premrna editied BEFORE it leaves the nucleus -only parts of it will sequence a.a. -splicing to remove introns and continuous exons will be translated to protein
47
exons
coding regions of a gene
48
introns
noncoding sequences of nucleotides between exons
49
mature mRNA
post splicing
50
splicing
-happens in the nucleus and caused by proteins nad small nuclear RNA (snRNP)= spliceosome -exons from a single gene can be spliced together in different sequences or some exons can be deleted entirely= alternative splicing
51
spliceosome
-identify nucleotide sequences at beginning and end of each intron on pre-mRNA -removes segments -splices end of 1 exon to beginning of another to form mRNA with a continuous coding sequence

physio (8 decks)

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