EXAM 2 Study Guide Flashcards by Alexis Soliz

Definition: A set of symptoms in which a person’s mental capability, affective response and the capacity to recognize reality, communicate and relate it to others are impaired

Psychosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are these Symptoms of?
Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech, Disorganized Behavior, Gross Distortions of Reality

Psychosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition: A false belief of judgment about external reality, held despite incontrovertible evidence to the contrary, occurring especially in mental conditions

Delusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are types of delusions?

Persecution
Reference
Grandiosity
Somatic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most common type of hallucination?

auditory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most common type of delusions?

Persecutory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are persecutory delusions?

where an individual may believe that they are being targeted or harmed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition: sensory perceptions without an external stimulus

Hallucinations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are perceptual distortions?

reporting that familiar things and people seem different to someone even though they are not different

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or false:

Both hallucinations and perceptual distortions can happen with any of the 5 senses

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the following examples of?
- rigid posture
- signs of tension
- inappropriate grins or giggles
- repetitive gestures
- mumbling to oneself
- glancing around as if they’re hearing voices

motor disturbances

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the symptoms of paranoid psychosis?

paranoid projection
hostile belligerence
grandiose expression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is paranoid projection?

delusional beliefs that people are talking about/conspiring against you

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is hostile belligerence?

Verbal expression of hostility

ex: being overly rude and hostile in inappropriate situations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is grandiose expression?

super big ego where they think they’re superior to everyone in the room

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of psychosis do these symptoms represent?

conceptual disorganization
irrelevant or incoherent answers
drifting from the subject
using neologisms
repeating certain words or phrases
disorientation
excitement (expressing feeling without restraint)

Disorganized Excited Psychosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the symptoms of depressive psychosis?

apathy
retardation
slowed speech
very quiet when speaking
fixed facial expressions
anxious
self punishment/ self blame

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how long do symptoms of schizophrenia need to last for before making a diagnosis?

6 months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how long do the following symptoms need to last before classifying schizophrenia?

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms

1 month

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What percentage of chance is it for a monozygotic twin to get schizophrenia if their twin has it?

48% likely

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What percentage of chance is it for a sibling (non-twin) to get schizophrenia if their sibling has it?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the five subcategories of schizophrenia?

positive symptoms
negative symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
aggressive/hostile symptoms
depressive and anxious symptoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive symptoms

involve excess of normal function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

negative symptoms

a reduction of normal function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cognitive symptoms

involves issues with thoughts and attention

aggressive/hostile symptoms

problems with impulse control

depressive and anxious symtpoms

involved depression and anxiety

Primary vs Secondary symptoms of schizophrenia

Primary: caused by the disorder Secondary: caused by outside factors such as the drug

What are the 5 A's associated with negative symptoms?

- Alogia - Avolition - Associability - Anhedonia - Affective blunting/flattening

What is Alogia?

dysfunction of communication

What is Avolition?

a reduction in desire, motivation, or persistence

What is Associability?

reduction in social drive and interaction

What is Anhedonia?

reduction in the ability to experience pleasure

What is Affective blunting/flattening?

restriction in the range and density of emotional expression

What are indoleamines derived from?

tryptophan

What is an example of an indoleamine?

serotonin

What are catecholamines derived from?

tyrosine

What is the first step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

L-tyrosine -> L-dopa via tyrosine hydroxylase

What is the second step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

L-dopa -> Dopamine via dopa-decarboxylase

What is the third step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

Dopamine -> Norepinephrine via dopamine beta hydroxylase

What is the fourth step of catecholamine biosynthesis?

Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine via Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

What is End Product Inhibition?

A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme involved in its own synthesis

What is the rate limiting step of Catecholamine biosynthesis?

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

What enzyme does End Product Inhibition?

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

What do MAO and catechol methyltransferase both inactivate

catecholamines

What are isoenzymes?

closely related enzymes aka in the same enzyme family

What is MAO-A selective for?

serotonin and norepinephrine

What is MAO-B selective for?

it acts on a broader spectrum of phenylamines

Does MAO-A or MAO-B break down dopamine?

MAO-B

Out of the 5, which dopamine receptors are D1-like?

D1 and D5

D1-like receptors are ____ protein coupled which leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase and an _____ of CAMP

Gs; increase

Which dopamine receptors are D2-like?

D2, D3, and D4

D2-like receptors are ___ protein coupled which leads to the Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a _____ of CAMP

Gi; decrease

Name the five dopamine pathways

- mesocortical - mesolimbic - nigrostriatal - tuberoinfundibular - thalamus-dopamine system

What is the mesocortical pathway for?

Cognitive functions

What is the mesolimbic pathway for?

pleasure and reward

What is the nigrostriatal pathway for?

movement

what is the tuberoinfundibular pathway for?

prolactin release

What is the thalamus-dopamine pathway for?

sensory information

What is the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?

Drugs that increase dopamine will enhance/produce positive psychotic symptoms, and drugs and decrease dopamine will decrease or stop positive psychotic symptoms

Which dopamine pathways does the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia involve?

mesolimbic pathway

Conventional antipsychotics are D2 receptor agonist or antagonists?

antagonist

The __________ pathway is associated with the negative symptoms due to a deficiency in dopamine

mesocortical

What does Neuroleptic Induced Deficit Syndrome refer to?

negative symptoms being worsened by drugs that reduce dopamine

What specifically is the extrapyramidal system involved in?

involuntary motor actions

What does hyperactivity of the extrapyramidal system induce?

- chorea - dyskinesia - tics

What does dopamine deficiency in the extrapyramidal system induce?

- rigidity - akinesia - bradykinesia

What is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movement that involves the nigrostriatal pathway?

tardive dyskinesia

What can cause tardive dyskinesia?

chronic treatment with neuroleptics that block dopamine receptors and cause upregulation

What is hyperprolactinemia?

increased prolactin levels

What three things is hyperprolactinemia associated with?

- galactorrhea - amenorrhea - sexual dysfunction

What is galactorrhea?

spontaneous flow of milk from the breast that is not associated with childbirth or nursing

What is amenorrhea?

absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age

a blockade of what receptor reduced extrapyramidal symptoms?

muscarinic receptor

Do dopamine and acetylcholine receptors interact with one another at muscarinic receptors?

yes

Are kinate receptors excitatory or inhibitory?

Both! - Post-synaptically, they are excitatory - Presynaptically, they are inhibitory

mGluR group 1 receptors are (pre/post)-synaptic and are (excitatory/inhibitory)

post; excitatory

mGluR groups 2 and 3 are both pre and postsynaptic and are strictly ____________-

inhibitory

What do enlarged ventricles, reduced gray matter, and less volume of the amygdala and hippocampus indicate?

schizophrenia

is schizophrenia associated with apoptosis, necrosis, or gliosis?

apoptosis

What is oxidative stress?

damage to cells caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)

What is Superoxide?

it is a ROS and a free radical, meaning it has unpaired valence electrons and is unstable

What are the three forms of superoxide and where are are they active

- SOD-1 (cytoplasm) - SOD-2 (mitochondria) - SOD-3 (extracellular space)

What is an antagonists that inhibits NMDA?

ketamine