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Biology Of Psychologal Disorders > Exam 1 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Are vesicles and mitochondria transported quickly or slowly?

A

Quickly

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2
Q

What are other examples of quickly transported things?

A
  • fast transport motor
  • amino acid decarboxylase
  • tryptophan hydroxylase
  • monoamine oxidase
  • synaptic vesicles
  • serotonin
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3
Q

What type of neuron does this describe?

Dendrite and axon emerging from the same process

A

unipolar or pseudounipolar

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4
Q

What type of neuron does this describe?

Single axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma

A

Bipolar

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5
Q

If a neuron has more than two dendrites, it is considered to be?

A

multipolar

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6
Q

Golgi I and Golgi II are both types of multipolar neurons. Which one involves neurons with long-projecting axonal processes?

A

Golgi I

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7
Q

Golgi I and Golgi II are both types of multipolar neurons. Which one involves neurons whose axonal process projects locally?

A

Golgi II

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8
Q

What do modulatory neurons do?

A

they modify synaptic transmission

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9
Q

What are two examples of modulatory neurons?

A
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
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10
Q

True or False:

Afferent neurons are associated with motor neurons and Efferent neurons are associates with sensory neurons

A

FALSE

Afferent = Sensory
Efferent = Motor

*Think of the acronym SAME

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11
Q

Do afferent neurons receive info or send it out?

A

receive

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12
Q

What are interneurons?

A

they connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system

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13
Q

What type of connective neuron is also involved in reflexes?

A

interneurons

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14
Q

At what location are ribosomes made and where DNA lives?

A

the nucleus

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15
Q

True or False

There are proteins in axons

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

The soma

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17
Q

Anterograde transport involves sending information from the _____ to the ________

A

soma, terminal

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18
Q

Retrograde transport involves sending information from the _____ to the ____

A

terminal; soma

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19
Q

True or False

Anterograde is 2x as fast as Retrograde transmission

A

True

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20
Q

________ can also perform local protein synthesis for specific purposes like plasticity

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

What type of transport do growth factors tend to use?

A

rapid retrograde transport

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22
Q

Why do we need retrograde transport?

A
  • we need growth factor to go back to the soma
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23
Q

What type of glial cells are immune cells of the CNS?

A

Microglia

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24
Q

What are the two kinds of macroglia in the CNS?

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
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25
What kind of macroglia is in the PNS?
schwann cells
26
What is the origin of microglia?
the immune system
27
How do radial astrocytes help neurons get where they need to go?
they use biomarkers
28
Are DNA and RNA positive or negative?
Negative
29
What charge do proteins typically have?
negative charge
30
What tendency do particles have?
to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
31
Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential:
Depolarization
32
An increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential:
Hyperpolarization
33
The passive conduction of electrical current, in a decremental fashion, down the length of an axon:
Cable Properties
34
What is the result of depolarization?
action potential
35
True or false: There is no such thing as a bigger or smaller action potential
True
36
True or False A channel can be either voltage dependent or ligand dependent, but not both
False
37
A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells
Ion Channel
38
An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential
Voltage-dependent ion channel
39
The principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement, to the end of the fiber
all-or-none law
40
Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
Saltatory conduction
41
The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires
rate law
42
A greater frequency of Action potential = ___________ signal A lesser frequency of Action potential = ________ signal
stronger, weaker
43
a greater population of neurons = ___________ signal a lesser population of neurons = ____________ signal
stronger, weaker
44
What two things does Intensity rely on?
1. frequency of the action potential 2. Population Code
45
small molecule created in the presynaptic unit, loaded into vesicles, and then released into the cleft and can replenish very fast
Classical neurotransmitters
46
Acetylcholine, Monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, NE), Glutamate, GABA, and Histamine are all examples of what type of neurotransmitter?
Classical
47
What is an example of a semi-classical neurotransmitter?
Peptides
48
What do these characteristics describe? - made from mRNA - made in the soma - slightly larger than classical NT - vesicle transport - much easier to deplete these because they don't replenish quickly
Peptides
49
What are examples of non-classical neurotransmitters?
- Lipids - Nucleosides - Soluble Gases
50
What are two types of retrograde neurotransmitters?
Lipids and Soluble Gases
51
What type of neurotransmitter do these characteristics describe? - can't pack into vesicles because they would leak out - retrograde - made in the postsynaptic terminal
Soluble gases
52
What are the two ways that neurotransmission occurs in space?
Anatomically and Chemically
53
54
What is another name for chemically addressed transmission?
Volume transmission
55
What are examples of neurotransmitters that experience a fast onset of neurotransmission?
GABA and glutamate
56
What are examples of neurotransmitters that experience a slow onset of neurotransmission?
Monoamines and neuropeptides
57
What does slow-onset neurotransmission help with?
keeping duration of effects to block other/modulate other neurotransmitters
58
Would an axon that connects to a dendrite or an axon be more powerful?
axon
59
True or False: Classical neurotransmitters affect only the presynaptic side
FALSE They affect both the pre and post-synaptic sides
60
What is a CNS area with lots of neurogenesis?
the olfactory bulb
61
In which area do we experience very little neurogenesis?
the hippocampus
62
What are the two ways cells can die?
Apoptosis and Necrosis
63
What happens in necrosis?
damages plasma membrane and cell comes out and dies. Dead cells that come out kill surrounding cells
64
What does necrosis cause?
inflammation and tissue damage
65
Is there a such thing as too much or too little Glutamate?
yes, too much/little can cause problems. This is called Glutamate Excitotoxicity
66
Does the back of the brain or the front develop faster?
The back
67
True or False Axons cannot be regenerated in the CNS or the PNS
False Axons cannot regenerate in the CNS, BUT they can SLOWLY be regenerated in the PNS
68
How many subunits do G-proteins have?
3
69
How many subunits goes GABA A have?
5
70
What does GABA A do?
allows Chlorine in and hyperpolarizes the membrane
71
What are kinases?
phosphorylating enzymes
72
What are phosphatases?
dephosphorylating enzymes
73
Transcription factor protein complexes bind to DNA to do what?
control the rate of transcription from DNA to mRNA
74
activates adenylyl cyclase and increases cAMP levels
Gs (excitatory)
75
inhibits adenylyl cyclase and decreases cAMP levels
Gi (inhiitory)
76
activates Phospholipase C
Gq (modulatory)
77
Activation of Gq releases what molecule from the cell?
Calcium
78
cFos and cJun are ______ genes that produce their proteins which form a dimer that acts as a transcription factor to activate late genes
early
79
Transcription definition
the process of DNA -> RNA
80
What is an example of a transcription factor?
CREB
81
What are the first genes to be expressed when a receptor is activated?
immediate early genes
82
how long does it take for late genes to appear?
could take about a day and might not fully appear for a week or two
83
What are the two modes for stopping signaling through a receptor?
Diffusion and Internalization
84
What mode do neurotransmitters use to diffuse away from the synaptic cleft?
Diffusion
85
Do we rely on diffusion?
no because it is a slow process. It is there, but we do not rely on it
86
87
A neurotransmitter can be: A) A derivative of an amino acid B) A chain of amino acids C) Gas D) All of the above E) A and B
E) A and B
88
Please indicate which of the following is true for GABA: A) GABA is made from an amino acid B) GABA is a neuropeptide C) GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter D) GABA is excitatory neurotransmitter E) All of the above F) A, B and C G) A and C
G) A and C

Biology Of Psychologal Disorders (11 decks)

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