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Bio 2101 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

the ectoderm gives rise to…

A

epidermis and nervous system

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2
Q

mesoderm gives rise to…

A

mesenchyme

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3
Q

endoderm gives rise to…

A

mucus membranes of digestive tracts and glands. respiratory tracts

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4
Q

where in body can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

kidney tubules, duct glands

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5
Q

where in body can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

GI, respiratory tract

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6
Q

where in body can simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

alveoli

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7
Q

where in body can stratified cuboidal be found?

A

ducts of exocrine glands

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8
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

salivary, sweat, mammary

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9
Q

where in body can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

pharynx, larynx, anal canal, male urethra

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10
Q

where in body can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

epidermis

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11
Q

where in body can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

respiratory system, male urethra

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12
Q

squamous

A

thin, flat, scaly

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13
Q

squamous epithelium is ideal for

A

diffusion, protection

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14
Q

cuboidal epithelium is ideal for

A

secretion and absorption

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15
Q

columnar epithelium is ideal for

A

absorption and secretion

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16
Q

connective tissue is made of

A

areolar (Loose) CT, regular/irregular CT, adipose, cartilage

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17
Q

connective tissue matrix is secreted by…

A

the cells

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18
Q

cells of connective tissue

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes

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19
Q

function of proteoglycans in connective tissue matrix

A

slow the spread of pathogens

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20
Q

how do GAGs contribute to the CT matrix

A

give membrane polarity

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21
Q

internal callus

A

temporary tissue forms inside bone during healing AFTER FRACTURE

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22
Q

external callus

A

bone collar

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23
Q

granulation tissue

A

new tissue that forms in process of wound healing

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24
Q

osteons and hydroxyapatite give (some/no) stretch and work to…

A

no, distribute compressive forces throughout spongy bone

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25
what nutrients reinforce areas of stress in bone?
calcium and phosphate
26
more stress increases osteo___ activity
osteoblast
27
what parts of the skeleton are most vulnerable to breaks/osteoporosis
wrists, hips, vertebra (spine)
28
what are the 10 types of connective tissue?
loose CT, reticular CT, dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, blood, adipose tissue, hyaline cartilage, bone, fibrocartilage, fibrous CT
29
where can gap junctions be found?
cardiac muscle
30
where can tight junctions be found?
bladder and GI tract
31
what type of epithelia are glands formed by?
simple squamous
32
hyperplasia
cell proliferation
33
metaplasia
change from one type of mature tissue to another. can be reversible
34
dysplasia
abnormal or immature development of cells. not usually reversible
35
embryonic stem cells are
pluripotent
36
pluripotent
stem cells that have unlimited potential for differentiation
37
adult stem cells are
multipotent
38
multipotent
cells can differentiate into cell types specific to the tissue they are found in
39
modes of tissue growth
cell proliferation or cell enlargement
40
function of nails
to protect thing fingertips and toes
41
what are nails made up of
keratin
42
components of a nail
free edge, lunula, cuticle, hyponychium, nail groove, nail bed, matrix, nail plate
43
how do apocrine swear glands go about excretion?
exocytosis
44
what is the appearance of merocrine glands in the epidermis or dermis?
coiled
45
what is the function of sebum (from sebaceous glands)
prevent dry skin and bacterial growth
46
most common skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
47
basal cell carcinoma metastasizes...
rarely
48
squamous cell carcinomas...
may metastasize
49
melanomas...
metastasize rapidly most common type of skin cancer in young women
50
ceruminous glands are
modified sweat glands in the ear that produce earwax
51
where does squamous cell carcinoma arise from
keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
52
where do melanomas arise from
melanocytes
53
bone is hardened by
calcium phosphate
54
flat bones are made up...
like a sandwich. spongy bone sandwiched between 2 thin layers of compact bone
55
osseous tissue is made up of
collagen fibers and calcium phosphate
56
constituents of bone tissue
85% organic matter 10% inorganic
57
organic matter
collagen, osteoblasts, osteocytes
58
inorganic component of osseous tissue
blood vessels, nerves, and vitamins
59
red bone marrow
in almost every bone in children. produce blood= hematopoietic tissue. as you age into an adult, turns into yellow bone marrow. metabolically active
60
yellow bone marrow
adults. fatty. does not produce blood
61
intramembranous ossification
growth from center out. 1: ossification center arising from mesenchymal cells. convert to osteoblasts 2: matrix surrounds cell and calcifies as osteoblast becomes osteocyte 3: forming trabeculae 4: development into periosteum
62
endochondral bone formation
formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models. more common. 1: formation of hyaline cartilage model 2: bone collar cuts off blood to center; hyaline deteriorates 3: replace bone collar with calcified tissue for hydroxyapatite and collagen 4: invasion of internal cavities by vasculature allowing spongy bone formation 5: epiphysis ossification. 6: only hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
63
calcitriol
raise Ca+ blood levels by the small intestine in GI tract
64
calcitonin
lowers Ca+ blood levels via thyroid (like PTH)
65
stress fractures
breaks caused by abnormal trauma to a bone. many tiny fractures
66
pathological fractures
breaks in bones due to them being weakened by disease
67
healing of a fracture
hematoma formation, soft callus formation (bc not ossified), hard callus formation (bc ossified), bone remodeling (new bone collar, may cause bump in original fracture site)
68
elastic fibers
thinner than collagen fibers, branch and rejoin
69
brown fat
increases body temp. prevalent in infants to prevent hypothermia
70
white fat
more abundant. cells look wirey and empty. secretes hormones to support energy metabolism
71
holocrine glands
whole cell excreted. ex: oil
72
neuroglia
helper cells. provide nutrients, control rate of signals, etc.
73
dermal papillae
boundary between epidermis and dermis. fingerlike extensions
74
matrix of osseous tissue dry weight
1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic
75
bone grows in length at the
epiphyseal plate
76
epiphyseal plate
growth zone of bone. when finished, epiphyseal line
77
when does growth in epiphyseal length stop
25 y/o
78

Bio 2101 (5 decks)

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