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Bio 2101 > Module 2 Exam > Flashcards

Module 2 Exam Flashcards

Ch.5 Histology, Ch. 6 Integumentary System, Ch. 7 Bones & Skeletal System (104 cards)

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1
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. made of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue. collagen. avascular.

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2
Q

fxn of epidermis

A

skin pigment and hair. resistance to trauma and infection, prevents water loss, vitamin D synthesis!, sensation, thermoregulation

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3
Q

strata of epidermis

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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4
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial. 30 layers of dead, keratinized cells. continuously exfoliating. keratin and lipids prevent water loss.

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5
Q

stratum lucidum

A

translucent dead cells. keratin makes skin thick in finger tips, palms of feet, and palms of hands

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6
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes. Apoptosis. transition between dead and living cells. binds cytoskeleton keratin filaments together. keratohyalin granules are dark-staining, black

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7
Q

stratum spinosum

A

apical surface, living cells. strength and flexibility in skin. NO cell division. prevents damage from UV light bc melanin from melanocytes here. keratinocytes attached via desmosomes = water retention in skin

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8
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of living cells. direct contact to basement membrane and go through mitosis. replenish exfoliated skin cells. entire process ~1 month

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9
Q

dermis

A

deep to epidermis. contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, blood vessel, and lymph vessels. formed from fibrous connective tissue. areolar and dense irregular

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10
Q

regions of dermis

A

papillary region and reticular region

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11
Q

papillary layer

A

top 20% of dermis. nourishes epidermis, remove waste, regulate body temp. made of areolar CT

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12
Q

fxn of papillary region

A

mobility of leukocytes, and defense against organisms introduced through breaks in dermis

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13
Q

dermal papillae

A

boundary between epidermis and dermis. fingerlike extensions of the dermis. areolar tissue

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14
Q

reticular layer

A

deeper 80% of dermis. dense irregular connective tissue. makes skin tightly bound, withstands stress. contains lots of collagen and elastic fivers. packed with sweat and gland ducts, fat, hair follicles (root)

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15
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer. not technically part of the integumentary system. primarily adipose tisse, CT, and blood vessels. fxn to store fat for energy

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16
Q

eccrine sweat gland

A

evaporative cooling through sweat. secrete product, sweat, and part of cell. abundant on palms, soles, and forehead

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17
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

where hair roots are attached. smooth muscle in dermis. makes hair stand up on end - goosebumps. contracts with cold or fear

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18
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil glands around hair follicles. produce sebum

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19
Q

hair follicle

A

surrounds root. epidermal pit that contains a hair and extends into dermis or hypodermis

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20
Q

hair root

A

below the surface

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21
Q

hair shaft

A

is visible above the skin

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22
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covering, lining, and formation of glands

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23
Q

connective tissue

A

protects and supports, binds tissues, stores energy, and provides immunity

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24
Q

muscle tissue

A

movement and generation of force

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25
nervous tissue
communication and control
26
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flat cells. very thin. controls diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
27
stratified squamous epithelium
avascular. several flat layers of keratinized/nonkeratinized surface cells. mitosis occurs in basal layers
28
exocrine glands
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
29
merocrine glands (epocrine)
form secretory products and secrete them
30
apocrine glands
portion of cell is secreted as well
31
holocrine glands
whole cells are discharged
32
connective tissue ECM components
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
33
collagen fibers
tough and resistant to stretching
34
elastic fibers
provide strength and stretching
35
reticular fibers
composed of collagen and glycoproteins. supporting network
36
connective tissue proper
any of 3 fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), ground substance = mainly proteoglycans and water, cells = fibroblasts, adipocytes, WBC's
37
cartilage
any of 3 fibers. ground substance = chondroitin sulfate, cells = chondroblasts/chondrocytes
38
bone tissue
collagen fibers. ground substance = hydroxyapatite, cells = osteoblasts/osteocytes
39
liquid blood and lymph
no fibers. ground substance = mainly water, cells = RBCs and WBCs
40
hyaline cartilage
reduces friction at joints, provides structure: nose, trachea and bronchi, ribs. basis for later bony skeleton
41
compact bone: osteon
lamella, lacunae containing osteocytes, canaliculi, and central (haversian) canal
42
lamella
rings of mineralized matrix
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lacunae contain
osteocytes
44
canaliculi
minute canals containing processes of osteocytes that provide routes for nutrient and waste transport
45
central (haversian) canal
contains blood vessels and nerves
46
somatic nervous system
to CNS
47
autonomic nervous system
to CNS
48
ENS
to CNS or to enteric motor neurons. involuntary
49
central nervous system
to somatic neurons (voluntary) or autonomic motor neurons (involuntary with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)
50
from somatic motor neurons (voluntary) to
skeletal muscle
51
from autonomic motor neurons (involuntary) to
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
52
from enteric motor neurons (involuntary) to
smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells of GI tract
53
neuroglial cells
nucleus with nucleolus, cell body, axons or dendrites
54
parts of the neuron
dendrites. soma, axon terminal, nerve impulse, synapse
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dendrites
receive incoming information
56
soma
the cell body that contains the nucleus
57
axon
conducts electrical nerve impulse
58
axon terminal
releases neruotransmitters
59
nerve impulse
electrical signal created by moving sodium and potassium ions
60
synapse
space between the presynaptic neuron (first neuron) and the postsynaptic neuron (second neuron)
61
muscle fibers or myofibers
long, cylindrical, and multinucleated
62
sarcomere
skeletal and cardiac muscle. 1 contractile unit
63
myofibrils
muscle fibers. long, cylindrical, multinucleated
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motor unit
one somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells (fibers) it stimulates (10-2000 cells). one nerve cell = avg. 150 mm. cells that all contract in UNISON. total strength of contraction depends on how many motor units are activated and how large they are
65
tight junctions
water tight seal. line GI and bladder
66
adherens junction
holds epithelial cells together. made of plaque (dense layer of proteins). attached by glycoproteins (zipper)
67
gap junctions
crossed by connexons forming fluid tunnels. cell communication with ions. share nutrients and move waste. cardiac muscle cells and chemical signals
68
desmosomes
common in epithelium. attached to keratin. prevents water loss. simple and stratified epithelia
69
hemidesmosomes
connect cells to ECMaterial. basement membrane
70
atrophy
shrinkage through loss in cell size or number. senile atrophy or disuse atrophy
71
hypertrophy
enlargement of preexisting cells. working out a lot
72
hyperplasia
tissue growth through cell multiplication
73
metaplasia
reversible sometimes from injury. change from one type of mature tissue to another
74
dysplasia
abnormal or immature development of cells. not usually reversible. persistent and severe injury or irritation
75
apoptosis
pre-programmed single cell death. normal. cells shrink over time. macrophage
76
necrosis
group of cells or entire tissue. tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection. cells can swell/lysis
77
4 principle cells of epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
78
keratinocytes
keratin producing cells for protecction
79
melanocytes
melanin producing cells that absorb damaging UV light and skin color. only in stratum basale.
80
keratinocytes _____ melanosomes
phagocytize
81
langerhans cells
quick and rapid immune response. stratum spinosum and granulosum.
82
merkel cells
light touch receptor in epidermis. contact merkel disc for sensation.
83
1st degree burn
epidermis
84
2nd degree burn
epidermis and dermis
85
3rd degree burn
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and sometimes deeper.
86
skeletal system
composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments
87
bone (osseous tissue)
CT with the matrix. hardened by calcium phosphate and minerals
88
cartilage
covers end of bones. many joint surfaces of mature bone
89
ligaments
hold bones together at joints
90
tendons
attach muscle to bone
91
compact bone (dense or cortical)
dense outer shell of bone
92
spongy (cancellous bone)
loosely organized bone tissue. found in center of ends and shafts of long bones and middle of nearly all others. covered by compact bone
93
skeleton composition
3/4 compact and 1/4 spongy by weight
94
cells of bone
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
95
osteoprogenitor cells
undifferentiated cells. divide to replace themselves and become osteoblasts. inner layer of periosteum and endosteum.
96
osteoblasts
form matrix and collagen fibers but cant divide
97
osteocytes
mature cells that no longer secrete matrix
98
osteoclasts
huge cells from fused monocytes (WBCs). bone resorption at surfaces like endosteum
99
matrix of osseous tissue
1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter
100
organic matter
synthesized by osteoblasts. collagen, carb protein complexes, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
101
inorganic matter
85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized phosphate salt), 10% calcium carbonate, other minerals
102
endochondral bone ossification
formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model, cavitation of hyaline cartilage within cartilage model, invasion of internal cavities by spongy bone formation, formation of medullary cavity and ossification centers, ossification of epiphyses hyaline cartilage remains in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
103
calcium homeostasis
balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchange between osseous tissue. regulated by calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone
104
healing of fractures
hematoma -> soft callus -> hard callus ->bone remodeling (compact bone)

Bio 2101 (5 decks)

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