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Bio 2101 > Exam 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

bony joint

A

when 2 bones ossify (as you go from childhood to adulthood) to make a joint. immobile.

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2
Q

fibrous joint

A

aka synarthrosis. NO synovial cavity. little or no movement bc short collagen fibers. 3 subtypes - suture, syndesmoses, gomphoses.

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3
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

aka amphiarthrosis. 2 bones linked by cartilage. medium amount of movement. absorbs shock and friction

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4
Q

synovial joint

A

aka diarthrosis. hyaline on ends. very movable. 2 bones separated by joint cavity

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5
Q

sutures

A

fibrous joint. short collagen

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6
Q

gomphoses

A

fibrous joint. specific to teeth, embedded in mandible

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7
Q

syndemoses

A

fibrous joint. long collagen. small movement

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8
Q

articular cartilage

A

part of synovial joint. reduces friction and absorbs shock. gets nutrients from synovial fluid

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9
Q

articular capsule

A

surrounds synovial joint, thickenings in fibrous capsule called ligaments

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10
Q

synovial membrane

A

inner lining of articular capsule, secretes synovial fluid containing slippery hyaluronic acid, brings nutrients to articular cartilage

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11
Q

accessory ligaments of synovial joint

A

extracapsular ligaments, intracapsular ligaments. help stabilize

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12
Q

articular disc

A

or menisci. moon-shaped pieces of extra cartilage. allows 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly, increase stability of knee

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13
Q

joints function as levels for…

A

force or distance

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14
Q

lever

A

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point, called a fulcrum

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15
Q

zero position

A

the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position

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16
Q

gliding

A

movements occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and sided to side with respect to one another

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17
Q

types of synovial joints

A

plane, hinge, ball and socket, saddle, pivot, ellipsoid

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18
Q

plane joint

A

aka gliding. vertebra. 2 flat surfaces

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19
Q

hinge joint

A

like door. hip/shoulder

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20
Q

ball and socket joint

A

most readily movable. greatest range of motion. especially shoulder because shallow pocket. susceptible to dislocation

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21
Q

saddle joint

A

1 concave, 1 convex. opposable thumb.

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22
Q

pivot joint

A

radius and ulna

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23
Q

ellipsoid joint

A

aka condylar joint. shallow ball and socket. vertebra at skull

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24
Q

angular

A

movements in which there is an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones

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25
hyperextension
bending over backwards
26
glenohumeral joint
aka humeroscapular joint. shoulder. hemispheral head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula. most freely movable joint in body
27
coxal joint
aka hip joint. head of femur inserts into acetabulum of hip bone. bears weight, deeper sockets, more stable than shoulder
28
tibiofemoral joint
aka knee joint. largest and most complex diarthrosis (synovial joint) of the body. hinge joint. slight rotation and lateral gliding when knee is flexed
29
patellofemoral joint
gliding joint
30
tendons connect muscle to
bone
31
aerobic respiration
using oxygen from myoglobin. 0-10s of exercise
31
neuromuscular junctions
nerve impulse causes synaptic vesicles to undergo exocytosis releasing ACh into synaptic cleft
32
phosphagen system
10-25s of exercise
33
glycogen-phosphate system
anaerobic fermentation. 30-40s of exercise
34
aerobic respiration
supported by cardiopulmonary function
35
EPOC
post oxygen consumption phase. requires aerobic respiration
36
cardiac mm is similar to skeletal mm with some slight changes:
intercalated discs, pacemaker cells, different ion channels
37
what allows blood to squeeze upward from the heart
spiral arrangement of ventricular mm
38
what is the function of intercalated discs
contain desmosomes that transfer force from cell to cell
39
function of gap junction in heart
allow electrical signals to pass rapidly from cell to cell
40
intercalated disc
2 cardiac mm cells coming together
41
what depolarizes autorhythmic cell to thereby increase heart rate
sympathetic stimulation and epinepherine
42
sympathetic stimulation
increases heart rate, strengthens contraction, improves ventricular relaxation
43
intermediate filament bundles attached to
dense bodies
44
contraction in smooth muscle
Ca enters cell, binds to calmodulin (CaM/Ca2+), activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), MLCK creates cross bridges for myosin heads, active myosin crossbridges slide along actin and create muscle tension
45
divisions of the nervous system
Somatic NS, Autonomic NS, Enteric NS
46
somatic NS
skeletal mm with voluntary contraction. to CNS. then somatic motor neurons then skeletal mm.
47
autonomic NS
changes in blood pressure, O2, etc. to CNS. then autonomic motor neurosns: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. then involuntary mm
48
enteric NS
GI tract. bypass the CNS or go to CNS. then enteric motor neurons then GI tract
49
sensory part of PNS
towards CNS
50
CNS
brain and spine
51
PNS
all neurons innervated outside of brain or spine
52
effectors
muscle glands, GI tract
53
sensory neuron
afferent. towards CNS
54
interneuron
association neuron. located entirely inside CNS. 1 neuron to another
55
motor neuron
efferent. away from CNS
56
parts of neuron
soma, dendrites, axon, axon terminal (synaptic knob), nerve impulse, synapse
57
axon terminal/synaptic knob
releases neurotransmitters here.
58
function of myelin sheath
prevents cross talk, quick and far conduction of electrical signals
59
regeneration of damage nerve fiber can occur if
the soma is intact and at least some neurilemma remains
60
steps of nerve fiber regeneration
1. axon distal to injury degenerates. macrophages clean up tissue debris 2. neurosoma swells, ER breaks up, nucleus moves off-center bc loss of nerve growth factors from neurons target cell 3. axon stump sprouts multiple growth processes. grow towards NGF. if grows wrong way, may lose fxn of nerve 4. schwann cells, basal lamina, neurilemma from regeneration tube. regeneration guides regrowth to original destination
61
resting potential of membrane
-70 mV
62
when membrane excited...
open sodium channels, flow inside of cell. open potassium channels to flow out of cell
63
graded potential starts above [..] at its initiation point
threshold
64
the part of a neuron that receives input from other cells is/are the
dendrites
65
this type of potential is an all or none response
action potential
66
if a potassium ion channel opens and potassium moves into the cell, this will
depolarize it
67
muscle fibers are bundled into structures called
fasicles
68
graded potentials must reach [...] to have an effect on the cell
axon hillock
69
the end of each sarcomere is formed by the
z disc
70
the cells in a skeletal motor unit
all contract at once
71
lateral bending of the spine is
scoliosis
72
the fibrous capsule is made up of
dense irregular CT
73
touching your finger to your thumb is
opposition
73
the knee joint is an example of a/an
hinge joint
74
touching your chin to your chest is
flexion
75
tweezers are an example of a
3rd class lever
76
a [...] is a general term for any outgrowth or projection on a bone
process
77
the elbow joint can be functionally classified as
diarthrosis
78
a muscle that will stabilize against the agonist is a
fixator
79
an example of a circular muscle is
oris
80
describe how the curves of the spine change after a baby learns to raise its head and walk
cervical curve in neck develops (from C shape to S shape. lordosis) and lumbar spine for stability develop. thoracic for stability and sacral for balance
81
primary curves
Thoracic and sacral
82
secondary curves
cervical and lumbar
83
what would occur is a toxin blocked calcium ions from being released in muscle cells? explain using the contraction cycle
muscle contraction would be severely impaired or completely prevented. This is because calcium is crucial for the cross-bridge cycle between actin and myosin, the process that generates muscle contraction
84
fully describe two ways in which the force of a muscle can be modified
multiple unit summation when more muscle fibers are activated, there is a greater force of contraction. and wave summation where if a muscle fiber is stimulated again before it has completely relaxed from the previous stimulus, the second contraction will be stronger
85

Bio 2101 (5 decks)

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