Exam 2-Unit 4/part of 5 Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
What is C.N VIII?
A
Vestibulocochlear nerve
2
Q
T or F: The vestibulocohlear nerve is actually 2 nerves.
A
True. Vestibular nerve and Cochlear nerve.
3
Q
Where does the vestibular nerve terminate?
A
Vestibular nuchlear complex
4
Q
How many parts are there to the vestibular nuchlear complex and what are they?
A
4 parts: Superior, medial, lateral, inferior
5
Q
Where do fibers carried in the vestibular nerve arise from?
A
Cell bodies located in the vestibular ganglion
6
Q
How many parts does the vestibular ganglion have and what are they?
A
2 parts: anterior and posterior
7
Q
Where does the cochlear nerve terminate?
A
2 cochlear nuclei: Anterior and posterior
8
Q
What makes up the cochlear nerve?
A
Bipolar neurons whose cell bodies are in the spiral gnaglion of the cochlea
9
Q
In the cochlear nerve pathway, peripheral processes (dendrites) extend from the spiral ganglion to __________________________________.
A
The Spiral organ aka Organ of Corti
10
Q
Where are the cochlear nuclei located?
A
In the posterior, superior medulla oblongata lateral to the vestibular nuclei
11
Q
What happens when axons leave the cochlear nuclei?
A
They CROSS to the OTHER side of the brainstem and synapse in the trapezoid nuclei or the superior olivary nucleus
12
Q
When axons from the cochlear nuclei synapse in the trapzeoid nuclei , they form what?
A
lateral lemniscus
13
Q
What information are the dendrites that extend from the spiral ganglion to the spiral organ carrying?
A
Equilibrium information
14
Q
Peripheral processes from the vestibular ganglion extend to where?
A
3 inner ear structures
the saccule
the utricle
semicircular canals
15
Q
Central processes from the vestibular ganglion convery information where?
A
To the vestibular nuclei
16
Q
Where is the vestibular nuclei located?
A
In the medulla oblongata on the floor of the rhomboid fossa
17
Q
Where do most of the vestibular nerve fibers terminate?
A
Medial vestibular nucleus (Schwalbe)
18
Q
Some vestibular nerve fibers (extrapyramidal) travel where?
A
Directly to the cerebellum
19
Q
When some vestibular nerve fibers go to the cerebellum, how do they get there?
A
By the Inferior cerebellar peduncle
20
Q
What is the apparent origin of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
A
cerebellopontine angle
21
Q
The vestibulocochlear nerve travels in what structure?
A
Posterior Cranial Fossa
22
Q
The vestibulocochlear nerve travels in the posterior cranial fossa to the _________ ________ __________.
A
Internal accoustic meatus
23
Q
The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the internal accoustic meatus with what other nerve?
A
Facial nerve
24
Q
Does the vestibular or the cochlear nerve have more fibers?
A
cochlear with 30-40,000 fibers
vestibular only carries 20,000 fibers
25
When the cochlear nerve leaves the internal accoustic meatus, where does it go?
Leaves the temporal bone and reahes the spiral ganglion.
26
When does the vestibular nerve divide into 2 branches?
As it approaches the ear
27
What are the 2 branches of the vestibular nerve?
superior and inferior branches
28
Is the superior or the inferior branch of the vestibular nerve smaller?
Inferior branch
29
What makes up the inferior branch of the vestibular nerve?
The saccular nerve and the posterior ampullary nerve
30
What does the saccular nerve supply?
The saccule duh
31
What does the posterior ampullary nerve supply?
The posterior ampullary crest
32
What makes up the superior branch of the vestibular nerve?
The lateral and anterior ampullary nerve
33
What do the lateral and anterior ampullary nerve supply?
The lateral and anterior semicircular canals
34
What supplies the utricle of the ear?
A branch of the lateral ampullary nerve which is a branch of the superior branch of the vestibular nerve
35
What is the branch off the the superior branch of the vestibular nerve that goes directly to the saccule of the ear?
Voit's nerve
36
What is an acoustic neuroma?
An equilibrium problem
37
What is acoustic neuroma also called?
Vestibular Schwannoma
38
What is tinnitus?
ringing in the ears
39
Tinnitus is the 1st sign of what disease?
Meniere's Disease
40
What is Meniere's disease?
Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss
41
Cochlear Implants are used for what type of hearing loss?
Sensoryneural hearing loss
42
Sensoryneural hearing loss is what type of problem?
Organ/structure problem
43
Are cochlear implants conductive?
No
44
Vestubular disease is a problem with what?
CN 8
45
What is Cranial nerve 9?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
46
What type of fibers are carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Motor, Sensory, and autonomic
47
The glossopharyngeal nerve is the motor innervation for what muscle?
stylopharyngeus muscle
48
The glossopharyngeal nerve carries general special visceral sensory information from where?
The pharynx. This includes taste information from the posterior tongue
49
The glossopharyneal nerve carries parasympathetic information where?
Parotid and other glands
50
The motor fibers carried in the glosspharyngeal nerve arise from cell bodies located where?
Superior part of the nucleus ambiguus
51
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve arise from where?
Inferior salivary nucleus
52
Afferent sensory fubers carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve terminate where?
The solitary nucleus
53
How many peripheral ganglia are associated witht he glossopharyngeal nerve?
2
54
What are the 2 peripheral ganglia associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve? Which is smaller?
Superior ganglion and inferior ganglion. The superior is smaller.
55
General sensory information is carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve branches from where?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, posterior part of tongue, uvula, and palatine tonsils
56
General sensation from the _________ is also carried in glossopharyngeal nerve?
tympanic cavity
57
Neurons carrying sensory information in the glossopharyngeal nerve have cell bodies located where?
Inferior ganglion
58
Sensory information carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapses where?
spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
59
Where does taste information from the psoterior tongue synapse?
Superior part of the solitary nucleus
60
Visceral afferent information coming from the inferior ganglion synapse where?
lower part of the solitary nucleus
61
Visceral afferent information is carried from where? *Cell bodies in inferior ganglion but what structures is the info coming from?
Carotid sinus and carotid body
62
What contributes lower motor neurons to CN 9, 10 and 11?
Nucleus ambiguus
63
Lower motor neurons from nucleus ambiguus innervate what muscle and helps with what?
Stylopharyngeus. Helps with swallowing.
64
What gives rise to the preganglionic parasympathetic axons carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Inferior salivary nucleus
65
Where do the preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse?
Otic ganglion
66
What gives rise to the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Otic ganglion
67
The postganglionic nerve fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve supply what?
parotid glands, buccal glands, inferior labial gland
68
What nerve besides glosspharyngeal nerve also supplies the parotid gland?
Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN VII)
69
What is the apparent origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Superior aspect of the medulla oblongata
70
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of glossopharyngeal nerve are actually carried in the ______
C.N V3
71
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve enters the nerve at the inferior ganglion?
Carotid branch
72
What does the carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve carry?
Information from chemoreceptors in the carotid body and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus
73
What branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve convey sensory information from the micosa of the pharynx?
Pharyngeal branch
74
What forms the pharyngeal plexus?
Pharyngeal branches combining with vagal brances
75
Which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies motro function to the stylopharyngeus?
Muscular branch
76
What information do the tonsilar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve relay?
Sensory information from the palatine tonsils and oral mucosa
77
What information do the lingual branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve relay?
General sensory and taste information from the tongue, posterior to the sulcus terminalis
78
True or false: The Vagus nerve is motor only.
False. It is mixed. It carries motor, parasympathetic, and sensory.
79
Where does the vagus carry some taste information from?
epiglottal region
80
What is the most important parasympathetic nerve?
Vagus (CN 10)
81
What is the longest cranial nerve?
Vagus (CN 10)
82
Motor fibers in the vagus nerve have cell bodies located where?
Nucleus ambiguus
83
What sends information to nucleus ambiguus?
both cerebral hemispheres (bilateral)
84
Where do preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve arise from?
`posterior nucleus of vagus
85
Where does the posterior nucleus of vagus receive information from?
indirectly from hypothalamus and carotid sinus
86
Incoming somatic sensory information through the vagus terminates where?
Spinal nucleus of CN 5
87
In relation to the vagus nerve, taste and viscerosensory information terminates where?
nucleus of the solitary tract
88
How many peripheral ganglion are associated with the vagus nerve and what are they?
2. Superior/jugular ganglion and the inferior/nodose ganglion
89
In regards to the vagus nerve, Somatic sensory information (pain) is carried in neurons whose cell bodies are located where?
Superior/jugular gagnlion
90
In regards to the vagus nerve, Somatic sensory information (pain) terminates where?
Spinal nucleus of CN 5
91
Where does the vagus nerve carry pain (somatic sensory info) from?
auricle, external ear, auditory canal, lateral tympanic membrane, and mucosa of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
92
What is the pathway of taste information from the epiglottis carried in the vagus nerve?
Epiglottis to superior part of the nucleus of the solitary tract by neurons located in the inferior ganglion
93
In regards to the vagus nerve, what type of information is carried to the inferior part of of the nucleus for the solitary tract?
Visceral sensory
94
Taste information and visceral sensory information are carried in neurons from where? (Vagus nerve)
inferior ganglion
95
The vagus nerve carries visceral sensory information from where?
larynx, layngopharynx, viscera in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, pressure in the aortic arch, and chemoreceptors in the para-aortic body.
96
What is the apparent origin of the vagus nerve?
lateral aspect of the medulla oblongata
97
The vagus nerve emerges from its apparent origin as a series of _________.
rootlets
98
The rootlets of the vagus nerve combine to forma trunk and gives off 1 branch before keaving the skull. What is that 1 branch?
The meningeal branch
99
What does the meningeal ranch of the vagus nerve supply?
The dura of the posterior cranial fossa
100
Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
101
The jugular foramen has a septum splitting it into anterior and posterior. What nerves exit the anterior part of it?
CN 10 (vagus) and CN 11 (accessory)
102
The jugular foramen has a septum splitting it into anterior and posterior. What nerves exit the posterior part of it?
CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
103
What 2 nerves share a meningeal sheath?
*Meningeal sheath=arachnoid and dura
Vagus and spinal accessory
104
Where is the superior ganglion located?
In the jugular foramen
105
Where is the inferior ganglion located?
just inferior to the jugular foramen
106
True or false: The superior ganglion is larger than the inferior ganglion.
Falso. Inferior is bigger
107
What branch of the vagus nerve is given off at the superior ganglion?
The auricular branch
108
What information does the auricular branch of the vagus carry?
Sensory information from the meatus and a small portion of the auricle
109
Upon exiting the jugular foramen, the vagus nerve travels _________ within the ________ ______.
inferiorly; carotid sheath
110
What 2 blood vessels does the vagus nerve travel with in the carotid sheath before reaching the carotid bifurcation?
internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein
111
Once the vagus nerve has traveled past the carotid bifurcation, what 2 blood vessels does it run with?
Internal jugular vein and common carotid artery
112
At what level does the pharygeal branch leave the vagus nerve?
Inferior ganglion (remember this is below the jugular foramen)
113
The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve combines with what other fibers? What does this combination form?
Fibers from glossopharyngeal and with sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk. This forms the pharyngeal plexus.
114
The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve supplies motor supply to what muscles?
pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the levator veli palatine muscle of the soft palate
115
There are branches of the vagus nerve going to what artery?
Carotid artery
116
Branches of the vagus going to the carotid artery come off the vagus where?
Inferior ganglion
117
What are the branches of vagus nerve going to the carotid artery carrying?
Viscerosensory fibers that relay info from chemoreceptors in the carotid body to the inferior part of the nucleus for the solitary tract
118
Where is the superior laryngeal nerve given off of vagus nerve?
Just inferiro to the the inferior ganglion
119
The superior laryngeal (branch of vagus) nerve divides into what 2 nerves?
Internal (sensory) and external laryngeal nerve (motor)
120
The internal laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus) carries sensory information from what muscles?
laryngeal mucosa as inferior as vocal folds
121
The external laryngeal nerve provides motor supply to what muscle?
Cricothyroid
122
What carries sensory info from laryngeal mucosa below the vocal fold?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
123
What vagus nerve branch supplies motor supply to all muscles of the larynx?
recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid (bc external laryngeal supplies it)
124
True or false: The recurrent laryngeal nerve follows a different path on each side (left and right).
True
125
What is the pathway of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left side of the body?
It comes off after the vagus passes in front of the aortic arch and passes under the aortic arch and ascends
126
What is the pathway of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the right side of the body?
It passes posteriorly under the subclavian artery before ascending
127
What branches of the vagus nerve carries parasympathetic information to the cardiac plexus?
Superior and Inferior cardiac branches
128
True or false: The superior cardiac branch is directly off the vagus nerve?
True
129
True or false: The inferior cardiac branch is directly off the vagus nerve?
False. Comes of recurrent laryngeal nerves
130
Where are the superior and inferior branches of the vagus going?
Cardiac plexus
131
The superior and inferior branches of the vagus are stimulated when blood pressure is low or high?
high
132
Once the vagus nerve reaches the thorax, it contributes to the __________ plexus.
pulmonary
133
After the thorax, the right vagus goes anterior or posterior?
posterior
134
After the thorax, the left vagus goes anterior or posterior?
anterior over the esophagus
135
After the thorax, the left vagus contributes to the ________ plexus.
esophageal
136
After the thorax, the right vagus goes where?
To the abdominal cavity through the esophageal opening and becomes the posterior vagal trunk
137
What is the terminal branch of the vagus?
Celiac branch
138
The celiac branch of the vagus ends branches where?
To the duodenum, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and proximal 2/3 of the large intestine
139
What other plexuses does the vagal nerve supply?
Celiac, superior mesenteeric and renal plexuses
140
The left vagus becomes what trunk?
Anterior vagal trunk
141
What does the left vagus send branches to?
stomach, liver, pancreas, superior part of duodenum
142
What is fatal condition of the vagus nerve?
Bilateral transection
143
What issues would lesions within the vault or close to the skull cause?
widespread problems with the palate, larynx, and pharynx
144
What clinical consideration of the vagus nerve would cause hoarseness?
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
145
What is CN XI?
Accessory nerve/Spinal Accessory nerve
146
True or false: The spinal accessory nerve is exclusively sensory
False. Exclusively motor
147
True or false: The spinal accessory nerve has a cranila root and a spinal root.
True
148
What muscles does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx
149
Cell bodies in the __________ _________ contribute axons to the cranial root of the accessory nerve.
Nucleus ambiguuous
150
Where is the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve found?
In the anterior horn of the gray matter
151
The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve expends from where to where?
approximately from the level of the foramen magnum inferiorly to the C5 or C6 level
152
Where does the cranial root of the SPinal accessory nerve emerge from?
Medulla oblongata
153
Where does the cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve exit the skull?
jugular foramen
154
When do fibers of the cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve join the vagus nerve?
Inferior ganglion
155
The fibers of the cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve are carried in the vagus nerve after combining at the inferior ganglion. Now they are distributed where?
to the pharyngeal plexus and the external and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Meaning they contribute to the motor supply of the laryngeal muscles except cricoarytenoid.
156
Rootlets contributing to the spinal root of the accessory nerve emerge from where?
The lateral aspect of the cervical cord (between the anterior and posterior rootlets)
157
Where does the spinal root enter the skull?
Foramen magnum
158
What does the spinal root of CN XI supply motor function to?
sternocleidomastoid
159
What is CN XII?
Hypoglossal nerve
160
Is CN XII motor or sensory?
motor
161
The hypoglossal nerve rootlets combine to form 2 bundles. Where do the bundles exit the skull?
hypoglossal canal
162
The hypoglossal nerve provides motor supply to what?
intrinsic and external muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus
163
Where are the cell bodies of the axons in the hypoglossal nerve from?
nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve
164
Where is the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve located?
The floor of the rhomboid fossa
165
What is the apparent origin of CN XII?
sulcus between pyramid and olive
166
What do the terminal branches of the hypoglossal nerve supply?
muscles of tongue
167
There are fibers from the 1st and 2nd cervical nerves that travel with CN XII. They seperate and form what?
superior root of ansa cervicalis
168
What branch of the hypoglossal nerve supplies the hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus?
Lingual branches
169
What is hemiatrophy?
tongue deviates to the weak side
larynx deviates to good side
170
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
171
How many spinal nerves come from each region?
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
172
The anterior spinal roots carry what information? (sensory or motor)
motor
173
Do the anterior spinal roots carry efferent or afferent axons?
efferent
174
Efferent axons have cell bodies located where?
anterior (S2-S4) or lateral horns (T1-L2)
175
How are anterior roots attached to the spinal cord?
rootlets
176
How are posterior roots attached to the spinal cord?
rootlets attach to cord at the posterolateral sulcus
177
What information does the posterior roots carry?
sensory
178
Do the posterior spinal roots carry efferent or afferent axons?
afferent axons
179
afferent axons have cell bodies located where?
posterior root ganglion (dorsal spinal ganglion)
180
Where are spinal ganglia located?
either inside or just medial to the intervertebral foramen, beyond the dura
181
There are exceptions to where spinal ganglia are located. Where are C1 and C2 ganglia located?
Their respective vertebral arches
182
There are exceptions to where spinal ganglia are located. Where are sacral ganglia located?
Within the vertebral canal beyond dura
183
There are exceptions to where spinal ganglia are located. Where are coccygeal ganglia located?
inside dura mater
184
Do the anterior and posterior roots of a spinal nerve combine?
Yes
185
What happens shortly after anterior and posterior roots of spinal nerves combine?
A meningeal ( recurrent meningeal sinuvertebral) branch is given off
186
True or false: A meningeal branch is present at all spinal levels?
True
187
The meningeal branch re-enters the vertebral canal through the ________.
IVF
188
When the meningeal branch reenters the vertebral canal, what happens?
It divides into ascending, descending, and transverse branches
189
What does the meningeal branch do? What is its purpose?
Provide somatosensory and sympathetic supply to the dura, blood vessels, periosteum, ligaments, and intervertebral disca in the anterior and lateral portions of the canal.
190
Remember the anterior and posterior root combined and we had a mixed nerve? The meningeal branch was given off and did its own thing. What happens to the rest of the mixed spinal nerve?
It divides into 2 (primary) rami. Anterior and posterior.
191
The posterior primary rami divides into what?
lateral and medial branches (except C1)
192
Is the posterior primary ramus or the anterior primary ramus smaller?
posterior
193
What muscles do the posterior primary ramus nnervate?
Deep back muscles
194
What is the sensory innervation to the skin on either side of the spine?
Posterior primary ramus
195
What is the motor innervation to the anterior and lateral trunk muscles?
Anterior primary ramus
196
What is the motor innervation to the skeletal muscles of the extremities?
Anterior primary ramus
197
The anterior primary ramus carries sensory information from where?
skin of extremites and anterior and lateral trunk
198
Do posterior or anterior primary rami contribute to the great plexuses?
Anterior
