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PNS > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is C.N. I?

A

Olfactory Nerve

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2
Q

What are the neurons for the Olfactory nerve called?

A

Olfactory neurons

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3
Q

Olfactory neurons are supported by “supporting cells” aka ________ cells.

A

bipolar

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4
Q

Where are olfactory neurons found?

A

Olfactory epithelium lining the superior part of the nasal cavity.

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5
Q

Olfactory neuron axons relay info where?

A

Olfactory bulb

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6
Q

T or F: olfactory neuron axons are myelinated?

A

False. They are covered by Schwann cells

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7
Q

What do olfactory nerves synapse on?

A

Dendrites of mitral cells

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8
Q

What is formed at the synapse of an olfactory nerve on a mitral cell dendrite?

A

Synaptic glomeruli

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9
Q

What is the secondary sensory neuron?-olfactory pathway

A

The mitral cell

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10
Q

Mitral cell bodies are located where? (Where did olfactory neurons synapse on the mitral cell)

A

Olfactory bulb

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11
Q

Mitral cells relay info ______ via the _________ ________.

A

posterior; olfactory tract

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12
Q

The Olfactory Tract splits where?

A

At the anterior perforated substance.

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13
Q

The olfactory tract splits into what?

A

Medial olfactory striae
lateral olfactory striae

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14
Q

Do we. segregate smell?

A

No

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15
Q

Where do medial stria fibers go?

A

The cross midline via anterior commissure and travel to opposite olfactory bulb.

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16
Q

Where do lateral stria fibers go?

A

Primary Olfactory cortex; the periamygdaloid and perpiriform area, incuding uncus on medial side of temporal lobe

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17
Q

Uncus = which broadman area?

A

34

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18
Q

What are some clinical considerations of the olfactory nerve?

A

Loss of smell -anosmia
Skull fractures
CSF leakage

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

From outside to inside
Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Retina -10 layers

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20
Q

The Fibrous layer of the eye is composed of what?

A

Cornea
Sclera

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21
Q

What does the vascular layer of the eye consist of?

A

Ciiary body
Iris
Choroid

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22
Q

What is the 1st layer of of the retina?

A

pigmented layer

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23
Q

What is the 2nd layer of the retina?

A

photosensitive outer segments of rods and cones

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24
Q

What is the 3rd layer of the retina?

A

external lining membrane

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25
Q

What is the 4th layer of the retina?

A

Outer nuclear layer. Contains rod and cone cell bodies.

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26
Q

What is the 5th later of the retina?

A

Outer plexiform layer; rods and cones synapse w/bipolar cells here

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27
Q

What is the 6th layer of the retina?

A

Inner nuclear layer containing cell bodies of bipolar cells

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28
Q

What is the 7th layer of the retina?

A

Inner Plexiform layer; bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cell here.

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29
Q

What is the 8th layer of the retina

A

Ganglion Cell layer; contains ganglion cell bodies

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30
Q

What is the 9th layer of the retina?

A

Nerve fiber layer; retinal ganglion cell axon. Fibers not myelinated

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31
Q

What is the 10th layer of the retina?

A

Internal limiting membrane. A glial boundary between retina and vitreous body.

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32
Q

The distal end of a photoreceptor is either _________ shaped or ________ shaped.

A

cylindrical (rod) or tapered (cone)

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33
Q

What recieves color information?

A

cones- 3 types (red, blue, green)

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34
Q

Cones require_____ to function.

A

light

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35
Q

Cones are concentrated where?

A

Fovea-center of retina

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36
Q

What senses light and dark?

A

rods

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37
Q

Are there rods in the fovea?

A

No. Just cones.

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38
Q

Where are rods located

A

around the fovea-periphery of retina

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39
Q

What is a clinical consideration of cones?

A

color blindness

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40
Q

Depolarized photoreceptors relay information to _______ ______ by synapsing in the _______ ______ ______.

A

bipolar cells; outer plexiform layer

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41
Q

What layer of the retina did we find bipolar cell bodies in?

A

Inner nucleus layer

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42
Q

Bipolar cells relay info to ganglion cells by synapsing on them where?

A

inner plexiform layer

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43
Q

Optic nerves enter the skull through the __________ _________.

A

Optic canal

44
Q

When the optic nerves unite, they form the ________ _______.

A

Optic chiasma

45
Q

Are nerve fiber layer axons myelinated?

A

No

46
Q

Are optic nerve axons myelinated and why?

A

yes because they’re coming from the CNS

47
Q

What cells form myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

48
Q

Fibers from the ______ side of the retina will cross at the optic chiasm?

A

medial (nasal) side

49
Q

Fibers from the _____ side of the retina do NOT cross at the optic chiasm?

A

lateral (peripheral) side

50
Q

How are optic tracts formed?

A

The medial and lateral fibers split

51
Q

Optic tracts travel around the ________ _______.

A

Cerebral peduncle

52
Q

Where do optic tracts synapse?

A

1 of 3 nuclei of termination
1. Lateral geniculate (MC)
2. Superior geniculate
3. pretectoral nucleus of midbrain

53
Q

When optic fibers synapse on the lateral geniculate body, they are relayed where?

A

to the cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe (broadman area 17)

54
Q

When optic fibers synapse on the superior colliculus where is info relayed?

A

The tectospinal tract

55
Q

What 2 muscles are influenced by the tectospinal tract?

A

SCM
Trapezius

56
Q

Optic fibers dealing with ______ ______ synapse in the pretectal nucleus of the midbrain.

A

light reflexes

57
Q

Signs/Symptoms associated with a lesion of the optic nerve

A

Loss of depth perception

58
Q

Signs/Symptoms associated with a lesion of the decussating fibers of the optic chiasma

A

loss of peripheral vision (tunnel vision)

59
Q

Signs/Symptoms associated with a lesion of the optic tract?

A

Loss of vision from opposite side

60
Q

What are some visual reflexes

A

Direct and consensual light reflexes
Accommodation reflex
Corneal reflex
Convergence

61
Q

Testing the corneal reflex tests which cranial nerves?

A

C.N. V (trigeminal)
C.N. VII (Facial)

62
Q

C.N. II is what?

A

Optic nerve

63
Q

C.N. III is what?

A

Oculomotor nerve

64
Q

What 2 extraocular muscles does the occulomotor nerve not supply?

A

Superior oblique
lateral rectus

65
Q

Where are oculomotor nuclei located?

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

66
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the oculomotor nuclei?

A

broadman area 8

67
Q

What other areas send information to the oculomotor nuclei?

A

Superior colliculus
medial longitudianl fasciculus

68
Q

LMN travel through red nucleus and exit CNS entering the PNS in the __________ ______.

A

interpeduncular fossa

69
Q

When LMN (axon) enter PNS, they are covered by _______.

A

epineurium

70
Q

When the LMN (axon) gets to the eye socket it splits into…

A

superior rami
inferior rami

71
Q

The superior rami supplies what muscles?

A

superior rectus
levator palpebrae superioris

72
Q

The inferior rami supplies what muscles?

A

medial-medial rectus
central-inferior rectus
lateral-inferior oblique

73
Q

The accessory oculomotor nucleus also called what?

A

Ediger-Westphal nucleus

74
Q

Ediger-Westphal nucleus contains what?

A

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

75
Q

Axons from the accessory oculomotor nucleus follow the _________ nerve and synapse in the _______ _______.

A

oculomotor
ciliary ganglion

76
Q

Where is the ciliary ganglion located?

A

posterior to eyeball, 1 cm anterior to superior orbital fissure

77
Q

What does the ciliary ganglion contain?

A

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. DUH! The parasympathetic preganglionic from the accessory oculomotor nucleus just synapsed on the ciliary ganglion so now they’re postganglionic!

78
Q

What do the postganglionic axons from the ciliary body go?

A

to the internal surface of the slcera to supply
ciliaris
pupillary constrictor aka sphincter pupillae

79
Q

*Just so you know the ciliary ganglion also carries sympathetic and somatic sensory fibers.

A

They do not synapse in the ganglion. They just pass through.

80
Q

What is C.N IV?

A

Trochlear Nerve

81
Q

The trochlear nerve is somatic motor supply to what?

A

Superior Oblique muscle

82
Q

The trochlear nucleus is located where?

A

The periaqueductal gray matter just caudal to the oculomotor nuclei

83
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons tot he trochlear nucleus?

A

Broadman area 8

84
Q

The trochlear nucleus also receives fiber from where?

A

Superior colliculus
Medial longitudinal colliculus

85
Q

After leaving the CNS, the trochlear nerve curves around the _______ and continues within the lateral wall of the __________ _______.

A

brainstem
cavernous sinus

86
Q

What plexus does the trochlear nerve communicate with?

A

Cavernous plexus (located in cavernous sinus)

87
Q

What C.N. is named after a pulley?

A

Trochlear nerve

88
Q

What is the only C.N. that crosses?

A

Trochlear nerve

89
Q

What is the only C.N. on the posterior side of the brainstem?

A

C.N. IV

90
Q

What is the smallest C.N.?

A

C.N. IV- Trochlear nerve

91
Q

What is C.N. VI?

A

Abducens nerve

92
Q

What muscle does the Abducens nerve supply?

A

Lateral rectus

93
Q

Where is C.N. VI’s nucleus?

A

caudal part of the pons at the rhomboid fossa

94
Q

Axons from the trochlear nerve exit
a. anteriorly
b. posteriorly

A

posteriorly

95
Q

Axons from the abducens nerve exit
a. anteriorly
b. posteriorly

A

anteriorly

96
Q

Where does the adducens nerve receive information from?

A

Same as trochlear
Broadman area 8
superior colliculus
medial longitudinal colliculus

97
Q

What is strabismus?

A

eyes not going in same direction

98
Q

What is internal strabismus?

A

eye cross (converge)

99
Q

What is external strabismus?

A

eyes are directed away from each other (diverge)

100
Q

What is diplopia?

A

double vision; subjective bc can’t really test it

101
Q

What is it called when an eyelid droops due to weakness of levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Ptosis

102
Q

Ptosis is commonly seen in patients with _________ syndrome.

A

Horner Syndrome

103
Q

Oculomotor paralysis presents as what?

A

External Ophthalmoplegia-affected eye deviates down and out
Internal ophthalmoplegia would involve inability to constrict pupil as well as loss of light and accomodation reflexes

104
Q

What are some possible etiologies of oculomotor paralysis?

A

uncal herniation
PCA aneurysms
diabetes

105
Q

What is trochlear paralaysis?
-very rare

A

slight converging strabismus-inability to look down so difficulty going down stairs

106
Q

What abducens paralysis?
MOST COMMON

A

Converging strabismus -inability to abduct eye

107
Q

Internuclear Opthalmoplegia involves damage to what?

A

MLF

PNS (6 decks)

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