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PSYC304 > Exam 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 2 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 2 (83 cards)

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1
Q

Electric Potential

A

change in electric charges

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

atoms automatically move towards area with lower concentration

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3
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

difference in concentration of ions across membrane, drawn towards lower concentration

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4
Q

Electrostatic Gradient

A

difference in charges made by ions across membrane, drawn towards opposite charge

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5
Q

Selective Permeability

A

only some atoms/molecules can pass through cell membrane

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6
Q

Equilibrium Potential

A

the charge of neuron membrane when membrane is permeable to specific ion, no net flow of ions

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7
Q

Nernst Equation

A

used to calculate equilibrium potential, uses ion concentration

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7
Q

Goldman Equation

A

used to calculate membrane potential, based on ion concentration and membrane permeability

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7
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

use ATP to pump 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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8
Q

Ion Channels

A

allows specific ion to pass through membrane, like a straw

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9
Q

Non-Gated Ion Channels

A

always open

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10
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channel

A

opens when there are changes in membrane potential

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11
Q

Refractory State of Ion Channels

A

inactivated/closed

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12
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

A

opens when ligand binds

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13
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

decrease in membrane potential (more -)

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

increase in membrane potential (more +)

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15
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

amount of membrane potential needed to trigger action potential, opens voltage gated ion channels

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16
Q

Overshoot

A

peak depolarization in action potential (Na+ ion channels close afterwards)

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17
Q

Undershoot

A

highest hyperpolarized level following action potential (Na+ closed, K+ still open)

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18
Q

All-or-None

A

action potential is the same strength if the threshold of excitation is reached, doesn’t matter strength of stimuli

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19
Q

Refractory Period

A

periods during/after action potential when another action potential can’t occur

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20
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

no action potentials, Na+ channels in refractory state

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21
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

needs stronger stimulus to reach threshold, in hyperpolarized state after action potential

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22
Q

Continuous Propagation

A

action potential continuously moves down unmyelinated axon

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23
Decremental Conduction
depolarization of membrane under myelin sheath decreases as it moves along axon membrane
24
Salutatory Conduction
action potential jumps from nodes of Ranvier, holds high concentration of ion channels, goes further with less energy
25
Synapse
gap between 2 neurons, where signaling molecules are released
26
Presynaptic Membrane
membrane of neuron releasing signaling molecules into synapse
27
Postsynaptic Membrane
membrane of neuron receiving signaling molecules from synapse
28
Synaptic Cleft
gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
29
Presynaptic Neuron
neuron that releases signal to postsynaptic neuron
30
Postsynaptic Neuron
neuron that receives signal from presynaptic neuron
31
Afferent Neuron
brings information/signal into brain structure
32
Efferent Neuron
takes information/signal away from brain structure
33
Interneuron
entire neuron is in brain structure, doesn't connect to other structures
34
Resting Membrane Potential
membrane potential without excitation, -70 mV
35
Ions Concentrated Inside Neuron
A- (organic anion), K+ (potassium ion)
36
Ions Concentrated Outside Neuron
Na+ (sodium ion), Ca2+ (calcium ion), Cl- (chloride ion)
37
Synaptic Transmission
delivering messages/signals via synapse
38
Release (Active) Zone
part of terminal button where vesicles fuse with membrane to release neurotransmitters
39
Postsynaptic Density
thick part of membrane on postsynaptic membrane, receives/processes signal
40
Endocytosis
membrane bends to scoop outside material into a vesicle
41
Exocytosis
vesicle binds to membrane to release its contents
42
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)
membrane potential of postsynaptic cell, depends on ion channels open
43
EPSP (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential)
depolarization of postsynaptic membrane, Na+ flow in
44
IPSP (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential)
hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane, Cl- flow in
45
Graded Potential
small change in membrane, not enough to trigger action potential, decreases in strength as it moves along axon, strength depends on stimuli intensity
46
Rate Law
high intensity stimuli = high rate of signal, low intensity stimuli = low rate of signal
47
Chemical Synapse
most common synapse in mammal brain, gap between pre/postsynaptic membranes, releases neurotransmitters in one direction, slower chain event
48
Step 1 of Chemical Synapse
action potential arrives at axon terminal, depolarization causes Ca2+ channels to open and rush into neuron
49
Step 2 of Chemical Synapse
Ca2+ triggers vesicles to release neurotransmitters
50
Step 3 of Chemical Synapse
neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors, open ion channels
51
Step 4 of Chemical Synapse
signal is terminated via diffusion, degradation, or reuptake
52
Degradation
large signal molecule destroyed via enzyme
53
Reuptake
small signal molecule taken back into the axon terminal
54
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
enzyme that degrades acetylcholine (ACh)
55
Neuromuscular Junction
chemical synapse between motor neuron and muscle
56
End Plate Potential
membrane potential of muscle cell in neuromuscular junction
57
Junctional Folds
folds in muscle fibers, keep neurotransmitter contained for longer periods of time, increase muscle contraction
58
Myasthenia Gravis
antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors in muscle cells, destroy junctional folds, not enough muscle receptors for muscle contraction, cause muscle weakness
59
SNARE Protein
protein attached to vesicles, help them dock and release neurotransmitters
60
Botulinum Toxin
botox, prevent motor neurons from releasing acetylcholine by removing SNARE proteins, cause muscle paralysis
61
Tetanus Toxin
prevent inhibitory neurons from releasing neurotransmitters by removing SNARE proteins, cause muscle overexcitation/contraction
62
Neural Integration
take info from all presynaptic signals, decide if action potential happens or not
63
Spatial Integration/Summation
PSP signals closer to axon hillock have a stronger influence in neural integration
64
Temporal Summation/Integration
higher PSP signal frequency = stronger influence in neural integration
65
Axon Hillock
end of axon attached to soma, decides if action potential is triggered
66
Electrical Synapse
signal carried to postsynaptic membrane via ions, two way current, faster and less complex, immediate effect, good for large body motions (reflexes)
67
Gap Junction
gap between 2 cell membranes in electrical synapse
68
Gap Junction Channel
2 halves of hemichannel connected in the middle, creates continuous ion channel in gap junction
69
Axosomatic Synapse
presynaptic axon terminal connected to postsynaptic soma
70
Axodendritic Synapse
presynaptic axon terminal connected to postsynaptic dendrite
71
Axoaxonic Synapse
axon terminal connected to another presynaptic axon, usually in presynaptic inhibition/facilitation
72
Presynaptic Inhibition
stop presynaptic axon from releasing neurotransmitter (ie. opioids)
73
Presynaptic Facilitation
increase presynaptic axon neurotransmitter release
74
Postsynaptic Receptor
along the postsynaptic membrane of chemical synapses, specific to a single neurotransmitter
75
Ionotropic Receptor
ligand binds, opens ion channel, instant activation but doesn't last long
76
Metabotropic Receptor
chain reaction of metabolic reactions, can monitor ionotropic receptors, slower activation but lasts longer
77
G-protein Receptor
ligand binds, activates G-protein, effector protein, create/release second messenger, etc. until target action is achieved, metabotropic receptor
78
Effector Protein
creates second messenger in metabotropic receptors
79
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
common second messenger, made from ATP
80
Autoreceptor
receptor for the same neurotransmitter released by neuron, negative feedback loop that inhibits neurotransmitter release when neurotransmitter binds, ie. D2 dopamine autoreceptor
81
Hormone
large messenger molecules made by endocrine glands, transported via blood, long lasting, receptors in entire body, can be a neurotransmitter

PSYC304 (4 decks)

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