Exam 3 Vocab Flashcards
Chapters 4, 5, 11 (113 cards)
1
Q
Direct Agonist
A
increases neurotransmitter effect by binding to binding site (mimics neurotransmitter)
2
Q
Indirect Agonist
A
increases neurotransmitter effect by binding to alternative binding site
3
Q
Direct Antagonist
A
decreases neurotransmitter effect by binding to binding site (blocks neurotransmitter)
4
Q
Indirect Antagonist
A
decreases neurotransmitter effect by binding to alternative binding site
5
Q
Route of Administration
A
how drug enters body (oral, injection, smoking, etc.)
6
Q
Intracerebral Administration
A
drug is administered directly into brain
7
Q
Intracerebroventricular Administration
A
drug injected into little ball placed in brain, connected to ventricles via tube
8
Q
Intrathecal Administration
A
inject drug into CSF in brain/spine through subarachnoid space
9
Q
Dose Response Curve
A
graph of dose vs. specific drug effect, plateaus after a while
10
Q
Affinity
A
how well drug ligand binds to receptor
11
Q
Potency
A
amount of drug needed to produce response
12
Q
Effective Dose 50 (ED50)
A
dose required to get 50% drug effect
13
Q
Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)
A
dose that leads to 50% of deaths in test subjects
14
Q
Therapeutic Index (Margin of Safety)
A
difference between ED50 and LD50, range of drug dose that’s safe (smaller index = more dangerous)
15
Q
Tolerance
A
decrease in drug effectiveness after multiple uses
16
Q
Opioid Overdose
A
people who develop opioid tolerance take a break from using drug, when they use the same amount as before they overdose because they no longer have tolerance
17
Q
Naloxone (Narcan)
A
opioid receptor antagonist, high affinity, very effective at reversing opioid overdose
18
Q
Sensitization
A
increase in drug effectiveness after multiple uses
19
Q
Acetylcholinesterase
A
enzyme that destroys acetylcholine
20
Q
Nicotonic Acetylcholine Receptors
A
excitatory ionotropic/autonomic, smooth muscle at neuromuscular junctions
21
Q
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors
A
metabotropic, parasympathetic nervous system, most common in CNS
22
Q
Nicotine
A
ionotropic ACh (nicotinic) agonist, rewarding feeling
23
Q
Muscarine
A
metabotropic ACh (muscarinic) agonist, toxic hallucinogenic effect
24
Q
Atropine
A
metabotropic ACh (muscarinic) antagonist, block pupil constriction saliva production and block PNS
25
Curare
ionotropic ACh (nicotinic) antagonist, paralyze muscles
26
Black Widow Venom
force ACh release from vesicles, force muscle contraction
27
Choline
used to synthesize ACh, increase ACh in body
28
Botox
prevent ACh release from vesicles, prevent muscle contraction
29
Adenosine
purine neurotransmitter, neuronal inhibition, increases during the day to cause sleepiness
30
Adenosine Receptors
metabotropic receptors
31
Caffeine
metabotropic adenosine antagonist, prevent feeling sleepy
32
Glutamate
amino acid neurotransmitter, basic excitatory functions, located throughout brain
33
AMPA Receptor
glutamate receptor, fast EPSP, ionotropic Na+, made of subunits, everywhere in brain, not effected by one specific drug
34
NMDA Receptor
glutamate co-receptor with glycine, ionotropic Ca2+ and Na+, turn on via many binding sites, helps change strength of synapses
35
Excitotoxicity
over-excitation of neurons causes death
36
Mg2+ Block
voltage gated ion channel of NMDA Receptor
37
Glycine
co agonist with glutamate at NMDA receptor
38
Phencyclidine (PCP)
indirect antagonist to glutamate at NMDA receptor, hallucinogen
39
Ketamine
indirect antagonist to glutamate at NMDA receptor (in large doses), hallucinogen, antidepressant effects (in small doses), possible drug abuse, early anesthesia
40
Vitamin B6
help create GABA
41
GABA
amino acid neurotransmitter, basic inhibitory functions, receptors throughout brain
42
GABAa Receptor
inotropic Cl-
43
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
less GABA produced, causes seizures and deaths in babies
44
Benzodiazepines
GABAa agonist, anti-anxiety, muscle relaxant, increase number of Cl- channels opening
45
Barbiturates
GABAa agonist, anesthesia, epilepsy control, increase Cl- channel open duration
46
Picrotoxins
GABAa antagonist, proconvulsant, decrease channel open time
47
Monoamine Neurotransmitters
modularly effects via G-protein receptors, only produced by some neurons
48
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
enzyme that synthesizes L-DOPA, which is used to create dopamine
49
Mesostriatal Dopaminergic Pathway
midbrain to striatum, controls voluntary movement
50
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
motivation, reward, drug abuse, schizophrenia
51
Mesocortical Dopaminergic Pathway
motivation, emotion, executive functions
52
D1 Receptor
excitatory dopamine receptor, increases cAMP
53
D2 Receptor
inhibitory dopamine receptors, decreases cAMP
54
Classical Antipsychotic Drugs
D2 receptor antagonist, schizophrenia medication, reduce psychotic symptoms
55
Cocaine
inhibit dopamine reuptake, increase dopamine activation time, change neural pathways to cause addiction
56
Amphetamine & Methamphetamine
inhibit dopamine reuptake by making dopamine work in reverse (eject dopamine rather than collecting it)
57
L-dopa
made from tyrosine, form dopamine, increase dopamine production
58
Tryptophan
amino acid used to make HTP and serotonin, increase serotonin production
59
Raphe Nuclei
part of brain stem that contains serotonin producing neurons
60
LSD
serotonin receptor agonist, psycadelic
61
MDMA
causes serotonin transporters to run backwards, cause hallucinations
62
Prozac (Fluoxetine) (SSRIs)
used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD, etc. by inhibiting serotonin reuptake
63
Monoamine Hypothesis
lack of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) causes depression
64
Reserpine
prevent monoamines from being stored in vesicles, increases depression
65
Iproniazid
monoamine oxidase inhibitor, first depression treatment
66
Monoamine Oxidase
enzyme that removes/destroys monoamine neurotransmitters
67
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAO)
antidepressant, inhibit monoamine oxidase, increases monoamines in brain
68
THC
active ingredient of marijuana, cannabinoid receptor agonis, reduces nausea, asthma, mood disorders, etc. but affects concentration, memory, perception
69
Endocannabinoids
naturally occuring ligands for receptors that cause physiological effects of THC
70
Retrograde Signaling of Endocannabinoids
signal released from postsynaptic membrane, bind to presynaptic receptors and affect presynaptic neurotransmitter release
71
Golgi Stain
only stains some cells, show axon and cell body, good for detailed look at single neurotransmitter
72
Nissl Stain (Cresyl Violet Stain)
stains neuron soma of all neurons, good for counting number of cells
73
Immunohistochemistry
put dye on antibodies that attach to antigens to dye them (ie. proteins), can be used to identify type of neurotransmitter based on presence of enzyme that synthesizes a specific neurotransmitter
74
Brainbow
color code individual neurons in brain via proteins in DNA
75
Clarity
imbeds tissue in hydrogel, remove lipids, form clear tissue that can be seen without cutting brian
76
In Vivo Electrophysiological Recording
measure neuron activity via wires implanted in brain while test subject moves, record action potentials of singular/multiple neurons
77
Computed Tomography (CT)
use x-ray to take pictures of coronal brain slices
78
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
use magnetic field to scan brain, hydrogen atoms align in magnetic field to make images, like CT but more detailed
79
Functional MRI (fMRI)
use oxygenated blood to locate area of brain that is activated when doing a task, can't be used to identify specific neurotransmitter (only shows location) can be unaccurate
80
Position Emission Tomography (PET)
inject radioactive tracer that is taken up by specific receptors/neurons, can track where signal travels
81
Lesion Studies
purposely damage part of brain and observe behavior, find out what functions part of brain is in charge of
82
Stereotaxic Procedure
drill into brain to create lesions
83
Ablation
lesion formed by cut/suck out brain area
84
Electrolytic Lesion
electrify brain area with wire, destroy all cell bodies and axons
85
Excitotoxic Lesion
inject chemical that overexcites select neurons to destroy cell bodies
86
Sham Lesion
placebo, do all procedures for lesions but don't actually damage brain, used as control for lesion studies
87
Neuropharmacological Inactivation
inject drug into brain that temporarily disables neurons, brain functions return after drug dissipates
88
Electrical Stimulation
imbed wires in brain, electrical current stimulate areas of brain
89
Optogenetic Stimulation
photosensitive proteins in charge of ion channels, ion channels open when specific colored light is shined on brain
90
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
facial nerves responsible for facial expressions lead to emotion to brain (ie. smiling makes you feel happy)
91
Insular Cortex
cortex hidden between temporal and parietal lobes, strong activation when feeling disgust
92
Prefrontal Cortex
important for emotional processing, damage causes change in personality/emotions, lack of care for others
93
Prefrontal Lobotomy
purposeful damage of prefrontal cortex, used to treat depression, not very effective
94
Right Hemisphere
more involved in emotional processing, hear tone of voice/emotion
95
Left Hemisphere
more involved in language formation and processing, understand meaning
96
Limbic System
brain areas involved in emotion, under cerebral cortex
97
Basolateral Nucleus
parts of amygdala that take sensory input and send to central nucleus
97
Amygdala
important for emotional processing, activation when feeling fear, deactivation when feeling love
98
Central Nucleus
part of amygdala that send information to other parts of brain to stimulate emotion response
99
Patient S.M.
damaged amygdala, couldn't feel fear
100
Defensive Aggression
aggression in animals as a response to danger, activate medial hypothalamus and PAG
101
Predatory Aggression
aggression in animals to eat/assert dominance, activate lateral hypothalamus
102
Reactive Aggression
aggression in animals and humans, response to danger
103
Appetitive Aggression
aggression in animals and humans, aggression for pleasure, associated with rewards system in brain
104
Operant Aggression
purposely getting into fights/beating others up for rewarding feeling
105
Medial Hypothalamus
activation in defensive/reactive aggression
106
Lateral Hypothalamus
activation in predatory/appetitive aggression
107
Testosterone
male sex hormone, correlated with higher aggression
108
Aggression in Females
highest during lactation, when protecting children
109
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
activation when feeling love
110
Anterior Insula Cortex
activation related to feeling love
111
Acetylcholine
wakefulness, learning, memory, attention, made from choline in forebrain and brain stem
112
Dopamine
reward system, made from L-dopa, most neurons located in ventral tegmental area (midbrain)
