Exam 4 Vocab Flashcards
chapters 8, 12, 13, 16, 17 (113 cards)
1
Q
Perceptual Learning
A
increased ability to detect sensory stimuli, dorsal stream (where stimuli is), ventral stream (what stimuli is), from sensory association cortexes
2
Q
Stimulus-Response Learning
A
conditioning to associate stimuli with response
3
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
associate stimuli (CS) that doesn’t cause response (CR) with a stimulus (UC) that causes automatic response (UR), when CS is used test subject will respond with UR
4
Q
Unconditioned Stimulus
A
stimuli that causes unconditioned response
5
Q
Unconditioned Response
A
response generated by unconditioned stimulus
6
Q
Conditioned Stimulus
A
stimuli that originally doesn’t produce response, paired with unconditioned stimulus in conditioning to produced conditioned response
7
Q
Conditioned Response
A
response generated by conditioned stimulus, same as the unconditioned response generated by unconditioned stimuli
8
Q
Hebb Rule
A
if synapse becomes active at the same time as postsynaptic cell synapse will be strengthened, used in classical conditioning
9
Q
Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning
A
use stimuli to increase/decrease motivation based behavior
10
Q
Reinforcing Stimulus
A
stimuli that increases a particular behavior
11
Q
Transcortical Pathways
A
contain declarative and episodic memories
12
Q
Basal Ganglia
A
useful for automatic/habitual movement, learned info from cortex
13
Q
Motor Learning
A
learned voluntary movements
14
Q
Premotor Area
A
anterior of primary motor cortex, in charge of organizing movement/actions
15
Q
Mirror Neuron
A
in premotor cortex, recognize when other people perform the same action
16
Q
Relational Learning
A
learn relationships between various stimuli
17
Q
Episodic Learning
A
store and retrieve info about life events
18
Q
Spatial Learning
A
recognize locations in a space
19
Q
Sensory Memory
A
<1 second, unnecessary info filtered out by sensory cortex
20
Q
Short-Term (Working) Memory
A
<1 minute, info held in prefrontal cortex, can be elongated via repetition
21
Q
Long-Term Memory
A
lasts a lifetime, held in hippocampus and cortex
22
Q
Declarative Memory
A
facts and life events
23
Q
Episodic Memory
A
experiences and life events
24
Q
Semantic Memory
A
facts and concepts
25
Hippocampus
where long-term memory (up to 15 years) is stored/consolidated in
26
Entorhinal Cortex
send info between hippocampus and association cortexes
27
Perirhinal & Parahippocampal Cortexes
send info between entorhinal cortex and association cortex
28
Fornix
send info from hippocampus to other brain regions
29
Morris Water Maze
experiment to measure spatial memory in rats, rat swims around maze until it finds platform
30
Place Cells
located in hippocampus, increase firing rate when animal is in a specific location
31
Grid Cells
located in entorhinal cortex, fire at evenly spaced locations in grid lines
32
Non-Declarative Memory
motor skills/tasks, stored in basal ganglia
33
Memory Retrieval
memory taken out of long-term memory
34
Memory Reconsolidation
memory is updated and stored again
35
Anterograde Amnesia
can't form new memories after brain damage
36
Retrograde Amnesia
can't remember old memories before brain damage
37
Patient H.M.
removed hippocampus to treat epilepsy caused by overexcitation, complete anterograde amnesia and some retrograde amnesia, no difference in short-term memory, implicit memory, IQ, etc.
38
Neural Plasticity
change neural pathways and brain structure
38
Synaptic Plasticity
change function of synapse based on neurotransmitter
39
Structural Plasticity
change structure, shape, or amount of synapse(s)
40
Long-Term Potentiation
high frequency stimulation of synapse, increase synaptic transmission, lasts as long as a year
41
Early-Phase LTP
EPSP activates NMDA receptor, Ca2+ activate calmodulin kinase II, insert more AMPA receptor into postsynaptic membrane, result in higher EPSP
42
Late-Phase LTP
terminal is always stimulated, create new proteins that create more AMPA receptors & new dendritic spines
43
Long-Term Depression
low frequency stimulation, cause decrease of EPSP, opposite of LTP, removes extra AMPA receptors, if only a little bit of Ca2+ let in then protein that removes AMPA is activated
44
Intracellular Fluid
inside cell (67%)
45
Extracellular Fluid
outside cell
46
Intravascular Fluid
blood
47
Interstitial Fluid
CSF
48
Hypertonic
higher extracellular concentration, lower intracellular concentration, water leaves cell
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Hypotonic
lower extracellular concentration, higher intracellular concentration, water enters cell
50
Isotonic
equal intra and extracellular concentration
51
Osmotic Thirst
thirst from eating salty foods, only need water
52
OVLT (Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis)
organ around 3rd ventricle, contain osmoreceptors outside of BBB, send info to median preoptic nucleus, signal osmometric thirst
53
Osmoreceptors
neuron sensitive to stretch, signal salt concentration and fluid balance, send info to median preoptic nucleus & hypothalamus
54
Vasopressin
hormone that decreases water in neuron
55
Adipsia
damaged lamina terminalis, can't feel thirst
56
Volumetric Thirst
loss of fluid via blood or sweat, need water and salt
57
Angiotensin
hormone that creates volumetric thirst, increase blood pressure, retain sodium and water
58
SFO (Subfornical Organ)
detects angiotensin levels in volumetric thirst, send info to median preoptic nucleus
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Median Preoptic Nucleus
inhibit or stimulate drinking, info from angiotensin sensing neurons in subfornical organ and OVLT osmoreceptors around BBB
60
Lamina Terminalis
between wall of third ventricle and hypothalamus, contains OVLT, SFO, and median preoptic nucleus
61
Glucose
sugar, used for fuel in cells
62
Glycogen
short-term reservoir of extra nutrients, can be turned back into glucose to use later, only used by CNS (brain can only use glucose)
63
Insulin
pancreatic hormone, allows glucose to enter cell, decrease blood sugar, medium-term satiety signal
64
Glucagon
opposite of insulin, pancreatic peptide hormone, increase blood sugar, turn glycogen into glucose
65
Triglycerides
fat in blood adipose cells, long-term reservoir for extra nutrients
66
Ghrelin
neuropeptide hormone, increases hunger before eating, decreases after eating
67
MCH (Melanin-Concentrating Hormone) and Orexin
neuropeptide made in lateral hypothalamus, increase hunger, decrease metabolism, cause sleepiness after eating
68
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
released by duodenum when stretched, closes off stomach, takes a while to reach brain, short-term satiety signal
69
Leptin
peptide signal released by fat cells, decrease appetite/food intake, long-term satiety signal
70
Hypothalamus
important for starting/stopping eating, produces MCH and orexin, receives info from arcuate nucleus
71
Arcuate Nucleus
receives signal from ghrelin and leptin, release neuropeptide Y to lateral hypothalamus
72
Korsakoff's Syndrome
vitamin B1 deficiency prevents glucose metabolism, cause cell degeneration, caused by chronic alcoholism, treat with thiamine (what vitamin B1 makes)
73
Mammillary Bodies
recollective memory, located in diencephalon with thalamus and hypothalamus
74
Confabulations
lose memories, create fake memories to fill in memory gaps
75
Dementia
progressive memory loss and brain damage
76
Alzheimer's Disease
type of dementia, progressive decline in mental function, neuron death
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Amyloid Plaques
tangles of beta amyloid proteins outside of cell, created from amyloid precursor protein cut incorrectly, sticky and clumps together, cause cell death in Alzheimer's
78
Beta Amyloid Peptide
peptide made from beta amyloid protein
79
Tau Protein
make up microtubules inside cell
80
Neurofibrillary Tangle
tau proteins form coils in cytoplasm, tangled microtubules prevent neuron from gaining nutrients, cause cell death in Alzheimer's
81
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
degeneration of upper (spinal cord) and lower (muscle) motor neurons, muscle paralysis, caused by clumps of toxic proteins
82
Alzheimer's Treatment
increase glutamate and acetylcholine transmission, vaccine for beta amyloid proteins, inhibit secretase (that cut amyloid proteins)
83
Parkinson's Disease
type of dementia, difficulty beginning movement, dopamine receptors in substantia nigra of striatum destroyed
84
Lewy Body
clumps of proteins in brain, symptom of Huntington's diseas
85
Parkinson's Treatment
increase dopamine (L-DOPA, dopamine agonist), pallidotomy (lesion GPi), dopamine cell transplant (increase dopamine neurons), deep brain stimulation
86
Huntington's Disease
type of dementia, degeneration of striatum and cortex, unable to stop moving
87
Caudate Nucleus
plan and execute movement, info from cerebral cortex to globus pallidus and primary motor, located in striatum
88
Putamen
motor control, info from cerebral cortex to globus pallidus and primary motor, located in striatum
89
Globus Pallidus
part of basal ganglia, part of movement pathway, info from striatum to thalamus, GABAergic
90
Striatum
part of basal ganglia, part of movement pathway, info from cortex to globus pallidus, GABAergic
91
Subthalamic Nuclei (STn)
part of indirect movement pathway, info from GPe to GPi/SNr, glutamatergic
92
Globus Pallidus External (GPe)
part of indirect movement pathway, info from D2 neurons in striatum, send to STn
93
Globus Pallidum Internal (GPi)
part of direct movement pathway, info from D1 neurons in striatum, send to thalamus
94
Substantia Nigra pars Reticulata (SNr)
part of direct movement pathway, info from D1 neurons in striatum, send to thalamus, GABAergic
95
Substantia Nigra pars Compacta (SNc)
send info to D1 and D2 receptors in striatum
96
Cortical striatal pathway
brain circuit that executes movement, neurons from cortex goes to striatum, glutaminergic
97
Nigrostriatal Pathway
neurons from SNc send dopamine signals to striatum
98
Striatonigral Pathway
direct pathway, cause movement, D1 receptors at striatum
99
Striatopallidal Pathway
indirect pathway, stop movement, D2 receptors at striatum and GPe
100
D1 Receptor
excitatory dopamine receptor, increase neurotransmitter release
101
D2 receptor
inhibitory dopamine receptor, decrease neurotransmitter release
102
Pallidotomy
lesion GPi, treatment for Parkinson's, allows thalamus to send signals to cortex
103
Deep Brain Stimulation
electrically stimulate thalamus via electrodes in brain, treatment for Parkinson's
104
Chorea
involuntary muscle movements, symptom of Huntington's
105
Schizophrenia
deteriorating ability to function
106
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
exaggerated/increased normal functions (ie. hallucinations, thought disorder, delusions)
107
Negative Symptoms
decreased/impaired normal functioning (ie. flattened affect, less speech, social withdrawal)
108
Hypofrontality Hypothesis
schizophrenia is caused by less neurons/function in frontal lobe, brain has less gray matter and bigger ventricles
109
Genetic Hypothesis
more genes related to someone with schizophrenia = higher chances of developing schizophrenia
110
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
schizophrenia caused by abnormal pre/postnatal brain development (ie. head injury, birth complication, mother gets sick, poor nutrients)
111
Glutamate Hypothesis
increased glutamate causes positive symptoms of schizophrenia, decreased glutamate causes negative symptoms
112
Dopamine Hypothesis
excess dopamine causes positive schizophrenia symptoms, antipsychotics (dopamine receptor antagonists) reduce positive symptoms
