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microbiology > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

flow of genetic information

A

transcribed –> RNA –> translation –> protein

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2
Q

what is DNA transcription

A

rewriting of the message in DNA into a molecule called RNA

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3
Q

what do ribonucleotides do…

A

make RNA

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4
Q

deoxyribose v. ribose

A

deoxy is double stranded, RNA is single, thymine v uracil

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5
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA that brings the amino acids to the ribosome to make protein

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7
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA that reads message from DNA to make a protien

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8
Q

what are mutations?

A

change in the DNA base sequence

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9
Q

what is the genotype

A

genetic compostition of an organism

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10
Q

phenotype

A

expressed characteristics

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11
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

occurs naturally

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12
Q

induced mutation

A

induced by a chemical or physical agent

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13
Q

silent mutation

A

change in genotype but not phenotype

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14
Q

frameshift mutation

A

removal or insertion of a base, everything after will be incorrect

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15
Q

what do genes do?

A

code for enzymes that catalyze reactions

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16
Q

what do enzymes do

A

catatlyze reactions that produce products for a certain phenotype

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17
Q

chemical mutagenic agents

A

smoking

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18
Q

how does smoking cause cancer?

A

chemical inducers in the smoke will induce mutations in individual lung cells, other chemicals called promoters will promote replication, double mutation in specific genes in a single cell will initiate cancerf

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19
Q

transformation is…

A

uptake in transformation of naked DNA, taken up by a cell and expressed

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20
Q

in transformation, what is required for the DNA to be transferred?

A

the cell has to die to transfer DNA

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20
Q

conjugation

A

sex in bacteria

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21
Q

what do some bacteria use to reproduce

A

a sex pili

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22
Q

gram positive conjugation

A

no sex pilus, sex pheromones are used, identified in streptococci

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23
Q

why do streptococcus strains produce pheromones?

A

to attract a certain plasmid that it needs

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24
what is a CIA
clumping inducing agent and a sex pheromone
25
what does CIA do to the strain WITH the plasmid
stimulates it to produce a sticky substanec
26
what is the state of donor/recipient cells in transduction?
the donor is dead, the recipient is alive
27
what happens when mistaken packaging of DNA occurs
the DNA will be transferred to a new cell and it cannot lyse the new cell because of one way gene transfer
28
restriction enzymes
enzymes that cut DNA in a staggered pattern
29
what are the 3 types of control of microorganisms
physical, chemical, antimicrobial
30
sterilization (definition)
killing or removal of all organism from a given area
31
6 physical methods of control
heat, filtration, desiccation, radiation, osmotic pressure, low temperature
32
heat methods of control (5)
moist heat, dry heat, incineration, boiling water, pasteurization
33
can organisms survive an autoclave?
no
34
two types of radiation
ultraviolet, ionizing
35
osmotic pressure example
added salt creates osmotic pressure problems
36
lyophilization
freeze drying
37
physical methods of sterlization
moist heat under pressure, dry heat, incineration, filtration, ionizing radiation
38
antiseptic
chemical used topically to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
39
disinfectant
chemical used on non living objects to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
40
sanitizer
chemical used to reduce bacterial numbers to a safe level according to public health requirements
41
major targets of chemical control methods
cell membranes, cellular proteins
42
chemical methods of control/ DISINFECTION
- concentration of disinfectatnt/antiseptic - time - temperature - nature of surrounding medium
43
chemical methods of control/AGENTS
- phenol - cresol - alcohols - soaps and detergents - formaldehyde - hydrogen peroxide - bleach - ethylene oxide
44
methods of sterilization
moist heat under pressure, dry heat, incineration, filtration, ionizing radiation, ethylene oxide
45
chemotherapy
destroying disease organisms without destroying the host
46
antibiotics
by products of metabolism used in chemotherapy, directed toward bacteria
47
what is an example of chemically synthesized chemotherapeutic agents
sulfonamides
48
what are the criteria for usefulness of control
low in toxicity to host while destroying or inhibiting the disease organism host should not become allergic disease organism should not become resistant
49
antimicrobials to know
penicillin, erythromycin, polymyxin B, sulfanilamide, ciprofloxacin
50
what is antimicrobial resistance
one of the biggest problems that occurs because physicians prescribe antimicrobials/biotics for viral infections
51
measures to minimize antimicrobial resistance
avoidance of indiscriminate use dose should be high combination of antimicrobial agents
52
possible complications of antimicrobial
allergy toxic side effects destruction of normal flora
53
contamination
microorganisms are present
54
infection
pathogenic microorganisms are present in the body, may or may not be causing harm
55
disease
when microorganisms do harm to the host
56
endemic
disease organism is constantly in a certain geographic location
57
epidemic
relatively large number of cases of a disease develop in a community within a short time
58
pandemic
a worldwide epidemic
59
virulence
measure of pathogenicity
60
pathogenicity
ability of a microorganism to cause disease
61
nosocomial infection
hospital acquired infection
62
how pathogens enter and leave the body
- respiratory tract - GI tract - skin and mucous membrane - genitourinary tract - blood
63
invasive mechanisms of bacteria
capsules fimbriae exotoxins and enzymes
64
factors in the development of disease
portal of entrance virulence ability to flourish outside the body

microbiology (7 decks)

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