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microbiology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

the body’s first line of defense is

A

intact skin, mucous membrane and normal microbiota

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2
Q

the body’s second line of defense is

A

white blood cells, infalmmation, fever, and antimicrobials

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3
Q

third line of defense of the body

A

specialized lymphocytes like T and B cells

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4
Q

humoral and cellular immunity are what kind of immunity?

A

specific immunity

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5
Q

neutrophils are the precursor to..

A

macrophages

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6
Q

two major phagocytic cells are

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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7
Q

immunity

A

ability to ward off disease

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8
Q

susceptibility

A

lack of resistance to a disease

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9
Q

innate immunity

A

defenses against any pathogen, rapid and present at birth

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10
Q

adaptive immunity

A

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen, slower to respond

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11
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

engulfing and digestion of the invading pathogen

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12
Q

chemotaxis

A

chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms

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13
Q

adherence

A

attachments of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism

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14
Q

ingestion

A

opsonization; microorgansism is coated with serum proteins that make ingestion easier

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15
Q

digestion

A

microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome

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16
Q

what is a lysosome

A

a membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes

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17
Q

mechanism of killing reaction

A

H2O2 and myeloperoxidase and Cl- creates hypochlorite which is deadly

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18
Q

hypochlorite is also the active ingredient in…

A

bleach

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19
Q

chronic granulomatous disease

A

genetic disorder where the phagocytic cell is unable to make H2O2, leading to repeated bacterial infections

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20
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis is the exception because..

A

it lives in the phagoytic cell and cannot be killed by it

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21
Q

fever

A

part of the second line of defense, non specific resistance

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22
Q

what can cause a fever

A

gram negative, exotoxins, viruses

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23
Q

endotoxins induce the macrophage to produce what?

A

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

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24
Q

how does the body raise its temperature

A

chills and kinetic energy

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25
what is the complement system?
the proteins in the blood that are produced by liver to produce microbes
26
interferons
non specific cytokines that interfere with viral replication
27
IFN alpha and beta
produced by cells in response to viral infections causing neighboring cells to produce antiviral protiens
28
IFN-y
causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria
29
transferrin
found in blood and tissue fluids
30
lactoferrin
found in milk, saliva, and mucus
31
ferritin
found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
32
hemoglobin
located in red blood cells
33
why do bacteria produce siderophores
to compete with iron binding proteins
34
antimicroboial peptides
produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes
35
specific immunity
resistance to a specific invader; body will react to non self but NOT self
36
humoral immunity produces what
antibodies
37
cell mediated immunity does what?
protects us from cancer
38
antigen
foreign material that induces immune response
39
antigen properties
foreign to host reasonably large
40
antibodies
protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of antigen, which once is formed combines with the antigen
41
antigens are also called
immunoglobulins
42
adaptive immunity
specific immunity that targets a specific pathogen
43
how is adaptive immunity acquired
through infection or vaccination
44
primary response
first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
45
secondary response
later interactions with the same foreign substance, faster and more effective due to memory
46
epitopes
chemical groups within an antigen that arre not large enough to be antigens by themselves
47
can epitopes induce an immune response?
no
48
IgG
most common in the serum, fixes complement, passes placenta
49
IgM
fixes complement
50
IgA
secretory
51
IgE
allergies
52
haptens
cannot cause a new response by themselves
53
hapten carrier conjugate
the body will recognize this as not self, causes humoral immune repsonse
54
where are MHC located
on the b cells
55
class I MHC
found on cell membranes of mammalian cells, self cellular immunity
56
class II MHC
exist only on surface of antigen presenting cells
57
anamnestic response
any response to an antigen after the primary response due to memory B cells
58
artifical passive immunity
can cause serum sickness side effect
59
antisera
preformed antibodies
60
humoral reactions
anaphylactic, cytotoxic, immune complex
61
cell mediated reactions
type IV delayed cell mediated, delayed hypersensitivity
62
what do allergy shots do?
induce production of blocking antibody (IgG)
63
can hemolytic disease kill the baby the first time?
only the second time because antibodies have not formed yet
64
treat mother with rhogam....
immediately after each birth; neutralizes Rh factor before it causes a primary humoral immune response
65
cell mediated autoimmune diseases
multiple sclerosis
65
transplant rejection
autograft - self isograft - identical twin allograft - another person xenograft - another species
66
immune complex autoimmune
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
67
immunosuppression
cyclosporine suppresses immune systesm and prevents rejection of transplants

microbiology (7 decks)

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