exam 3 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
what is the pharynx
A
vertically oriented tube from cranial base to inferior border of-cricoid cartilage
2
Q
three parts of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
3
Q
oropharynx location
A
from soft palate to superior border of epiglottis
4
Q
oropharynx contains _____
A
faucial pillars
5
Q
________ __________ lie between anterior and posterior faucial pillars of the oropharynx
A
palatine tonsils
6
Q
where is the nasopharynx
A
posterior extension of nasal cavity
7
Q
______ contains the pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids)
A
nasopharynx
8
Q
_______ contains torus tubarius (aka eustachian tube opening)
A
nasopharynx
9
Q
where is the laryngopharynx
A
from superior border of epiglottis to base of cricoid cartilage
10
Q
_______ communicates with the larynx at aditus laryngis
A
laryngopharynx
11
Q
______ contains the pyriform sinuses
A
laryngopharynx
12
Q
pharyngeal tube (3 parts)
A
mucosal layer
fascial layer
muscle layer
- circular & longitudinal
13
Q
muscles of the pharynx (7)
A
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
cricopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
14
Q
superior constrictor action
A
may contribute to velopharyngeal closure
constrict pharyngeal wall during swallow
15
Q
superior constrictor forms…
A
nasopharyngeal and upper oropharyngeal
walls
16
Q
constrictor muscles weakest to strongest
A
superior constrictor
medial constrictor
inferior constrictor
17
Q
middle constrictor action
A
modify diameter of pharynx
18
Q
middle constrictor shape
A
fan shaped
19
Q
inferior constrictor action
A
modify diameter of pharynx
contribute to upper esophageal sphincter
(see cricopharyngeus)
20
Q
cricopharyngeus action
A
open and close upper esophageal sphincter (w/ inferior constrictor)
21
Q
cricopharyngeus is part of the ________
A
inferior constrictor
22
Q
stylopharyngeus action
A
elevate and dilate the pharynx
assists in elevating the larynx
23
Q
salpingopharyngeus action
A
elevate and dilate pharynx
24
Q
what muscles elevate and dilate the pharynx (2)
A
salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
25
what muscles open and close upper esophageal sphincter (2)
cricopharyngeus and inferior constrictor
26
what muscles modify diameter of pharynx (5)
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
27
superficial fascia on neck surrounds the ______
platysma muscle
- veins in neck when you tense
28
deep fascia allows ______ to move up and down
trachea
29
danger space is in between
alar fascia and prevertebral fascia
30
danger space is dangerous because...
infection can spread from skull base to the way to mediastinum
31
major arteries in neck (5)
R & L subclavian
R & L common carotid
brachiocephalic (middle)
32
common carotids branch into...
internal & external carotids
33
what are the major source of blood supply for the brain
internal carotids
34
______ ______ come from the subclavians
vertebral arteries
35
vertebral arteries become ______ at junction of medulla and pons
basilar artery
36
major neck veins (6)
R & L brachiocephalic
superior vena cava
internal jugular
external jugular
subclavian
37
right and left brachiocephalic join together to form ______
superior vena cava
38
external jugular drains
face and scalp
39
internal jugular drains
brain, anterior face, deep muscles
40
Important neck nerves 2
CN 10 - vagus
phrenic
41
neck glands (3)
submandibular
thyroid
parathyroid
42
neck nodes (2)
submandibular
cervical
43
larynx main role is _______ (3)
PROTECTIVE
1. prevent air from escaping lungs
2. prevent foreign substances from entering lungs
3. expel foreign substances threatening trachea
44
larynx also is a ______ when not performing a biological role
sound generator (vocal cords)
45
hyolaryngeal elevation does what
protects airway as we swallow
46
what is hyoid bone attached to
no other bone
held in place by muscles and ligaments
47
What suspends the larynx
Hyoid bone
48
where is hyoid bone located
in neck at level C3
49
three parts of hyoid bone
body
greater cornu (2)
lesser cornu (2)
50
thyroid cartilage parts (7)
lamina (body)
superior and inferior cornu
facets (2)
notch
prominence
51
articular facets of _________ attach to cricoid cartilage to form the cricothyroid joint
inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage
52
who has the sharpest notch of the thyroid cartilage
men
children have the least
53
cricoid cartilage is shaped like
signet ring
54
cricoid cartilage is located immediately above the
tracheal cartilage
55
cricoid cartilage forms the
lower border of the laryngeal framework
56
arytenoid cartilages are located where
quadrate lamina of cricoid cartilage
57
arytenoid cartilages shape
3d triangle
58
corniculate cartilages do what
cap each arytenoid
no real importance
59
epiglottis purpose
prevents food from entering larynx during swallow
60
epiglottis shape
flexible leaf-like structure
61
epiglottis location
behind hyoid bone and root of tongue
62
cuneiform cartilages function
help support folds & stiffen them to maintain opening of larynx
63
joints in larynx (2)
cricoarytenoid
cricothyroid
64
cricoarytenoid is what type of joint
saddle (diarthrodial)
65
cricoarytenoid allows for
rocking and some gliding
66
rocking movements of arytenoids do what
moves vocal processes up and out or down and in
67
cricothyroid is what kind of joint and how does it move
pivot (synovial)
rotates and slides
68
cricothyroid joint allows for
decreased separation between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
69
what joint influences fundamental frequency
cricothyroid joint
70
two types of membranes/ligaments
extrinsic
intrinsic
71
extrinsic membranes do what
connect laryngeal cartilages to external structures
72
intrinsic membranes do what
interconnect laryngeal cartilages and help regulate extent
and direction of their movements
73
extrinsic membranes (2)
hyothyroid
cricotracheal
74
intrinsic membranes (2)
cricovocal
quadrangular
75
laryngeal cavities (3)
glottal
supraglottal
subglottal
76
cricovocal membrane aka
conus elasticus or vocal ligament
77
subglottal cavity borders
superior - vocal cords
inferior - lower border of cricoid cartilage
78
suprahyoid extrinsic laryngeal muscles (4)
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
79
infrahyoid extrinsic laryngeal muscles (4)
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
80
three types of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
abductor
adductor
tensor/relaxer
81
intrinsic abductor muscle (1)
posterior cricoarytenoid
82
intrinsic adductor muscles (3)
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Interarytenoids
- Oblique
- Transverse
83
intrinsic tensor/relaxer muscles (3)
Thyroarytenoid
- Thyrovocalis
- thyromuscularis
Cricothyroid
84
digastric muscle
paired muscle, each consisting of 2 fleshy bellies
- anterior and posterior bellies
85
stylohyoid location & function
long slender muscle lying just superficial to
posterior belly of digastric
draw hyoid bone superiorly and
posteriorly
86
mylohyoid location & function
thin sheet of muscle fibers forming muscular
floor of mouth
elevate hyoid bone, floor of mouth,
tongue
87
geniohyoid location & function
paired cylindrical muscle located just
superior to mylohyoid
with mandible fixed, raises hyoid
bone superiorly and anteriorly
88
sternohyoid location & function
flat muscle lying on anterior surface of neck
draws hyoid inferiorly
89
omohyoid location & function
long, narrow two‐bellied muscle on antero‐
lateral surface of neck
depress, stabilize hyoid bone
90
sternothyroid location & function
long slender muscle on anterior surface of
neck
may draw thyroid cartilage inferiorly
91
thyrohyoid location & function
appears as superiorly directed extension of
sternothyroid
decreases distance between thyroid
cartilage and hyoid bone
92
what muscles are responsible for control of sound production
intrinsic muscles
93
intrinsic muscles always act in ____
pairs
94
two ways intrinsic muscles affect the larynx
medial compression - force with which the vocal cords are brought together
longitudinal tension - stretching force (affects F0)
95
only abductor muscle of larynx
posterior cricoarytenoid
96
posterior cricoarytenoid action
rocks arytenoid cartilages away from
midline, abducting the vocal processes
and, therefore, the vocal folds
97
lateral cricoarytenoid function
rocks arytenoid cartilages toward
midline, adducting the vocal processes
and, therefore, the vocal folds
98
interarytenoids 2 parts
oblique and transverse interarytenoids
99
oblique interarytenoids action
oblique fibers approximate arytenoid
cartilages via tipping or rocking action
more superficial of two, consisting of two
fasciculi
100
transverse interarytenoids action
transverse fibers approximate
arytenoid cartilages via sliding action
more extensive and deeper of the two
101
aryepiglottic action
pulls epiglottis posteriorly and
inferiorly to cover upper entrance to
larynx
extension of oblique interarytenoids
102
thyroarytenoid function and two parts
tensor/relaxer
makes up main mass of vibrating vocal folds
consists of two muscle masses
Vocalis ‐ portion just lateral to vocal
ligament
Thyromuscularis ‐ lateral to vocalis
103
vocalis description and function
thought to be vibrating mass of vocal folds
104
thyroarytenoid action
principle function is regulator of longitudinal tension
105
cricothyroid 2 parts actions
pars recta
pars oblique
result is increase in distance between
thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and
tension of vocal folds
106
vocal fold histology - layers (5)
epithelium
lamina propria
- superficial layer
- intermediate layer
- deep layer
thyroarytenoid muscle
- main body of VC
107
myoelastic-aerodynamic theory 2 parts
myoelasticity - elastic recoil similar to recoil of lung-thorax unit
aerodynamic forces - bernoulli effect
108
bernoilli effect definition and formula
air flowing through system creates suction force perpendicular to movement of air
greater the flow rate, greater the suction force
E = KE + PE
E = total energy (constant throughout system)
KE = kinetic energy (energy of motion)
PE = potential energy (energy of pressure in system
109
bernoilli effect in the vocal tract
if a tube is constricted, air will flow faster through the constricted section
therefore, pressure in tube will be less at the
constriction
110
VC biomechanics - spring (formula)
elastic
Fk = xK, where
x = displacement
K = spring constant
represents tension
111
VC biomechanics - dashpot: definition and formula
viscous damper that opposes motion (not position)
FB = x’B, where
x’ = velocity
B = damping constant
in larynx, used to decrease velocity
of mass (vocal fold) due to elasticity (spring)
112
VC biomechanics - mass
inertial
FM = x’’M, where
x’ = acceleration
M = mass
113
three criteria for mechanical oscillation
1. stable equilibrium position
2. inertia in system to overshoot equilibrium
3. net energy loss in system = 0 (if oscillation is to be self‐ sustaining)
114
three mass model (m, m1, m2)
vocal fold body represented
by third mass (m)
vocal fold cover represented
by two masses (m1 and m2), capable of independent horizontal motion
115
m1 and m2 allow for
simulation of
vertical phase
difference
116
glottal shape ________ during opening
convergent
117
glottal shape ________ during closing
divergent
118
control of F0 accomplished via … (2)
- adjustments of vocal folds (primary)
- adjustment of respiratory system (secondary
119
3 laryngeal (vocal fold) factors include___
vocal fold tension (stiffness)
effective vibrating mass
cover tension increase via laryngeal elevation
120
increase tension =
increase Fo
121
stretching (lengthening) folds will …. (2)
stiffen them (increase longitudinal tension)
reduce their mass per unit of length (thinning)
122
cover dominant phonation
only the cover vibrates during soft and high frequency phonation
cricothyroid contracts, unopposed by thyroarytenoid
123
body-cover phonation
at low – intermediate frequencies or at moderate‐to‐high intensity
phonation at any frequency, thyroarytenoid (body) participates in
vibration
Fo control now involves a combination of cricothyroid and
thyroarytenoid activity
124
decrease effective vibrating mass =
increase Fo
but, must decrease mass by factor of 4 to double Fo
125
suprahyoid muscles and thyrohyoid
may exert pull on underside of vocal
folds via conus elasticus to
elevate F0
may be used as last biomechanical
adjustment to attain highest
fundamental frequencies
126
sternothyroid and sternohyoid
contraction may lower the larynx,
causing vocal folds to
shorten and
thicken - decrease F0
127
tracheal air pressure tends to ______ with Fo
increase
