Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

gross anatomy > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pharynx

A

vertically oriented tube from cranial base to inferior border of-cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

oropharynx location

A

from soft palate to superior border of epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oropharynx contains _____

A

faucial pillars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

________ __________ lie between anterior and posterior faucial pillars of the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is the nasopharynx

A

posterior extension of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ contains the pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids)

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_______ contains torus tubarius (aka eustachian tube opening)

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the laryngopharynx

A

from superior border of epiglottis to base of cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ communicates with the larynx at aditus laryngis

A

laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

______ contains the pyriform sinuses

A

laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pharyngeal tube (3 parts)

A

mucosal layer
fascial layer
muscle layer
- circular & longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

muscles of the pharynx (7)

A

superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
cricopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

superior constrictor action

A

may contribute to velopharyngeal closure

constrict pharyngeal wall during swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

superior constrictor forms…

A

nasopharyngeal and upper oropharyngeal
walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

constrictor muscles weakest to strongest

A

superior constrictor
medial constrictor
inferior constrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

middle constrictor action

A

modify diameter of pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

middle constrictor shape

A

fan shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inferior constrictor action

A

modify diameter of pharynx

contribute to upper esophageal sphincter
(see cricopharyngeus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cricopharyngeus action

A

open and close upper esophageal sphincter (w/ inferior constrictor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cricopharyngeus is part of the ________

A

inferior constrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stylopharyngeus action

A

elevate and dilate the pharynx
assists in elevating the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

salpingopharyngeus action

A

elevate and dilate pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what muscles elevate and dilate the pharynx (2)

A

salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what muscles open and close upper esophageal sphincter (2)

A

cricopharyngeus and inferior constrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what muscles modify diameter of pharynx (5)

A

middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

superficial fascia on neck surrounds the ______

A

platysma muscle
- veins in neck when you tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

deep fascia allows ______ to move up and down

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

danger space is in between

A

alar fascia and prevertebral fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

danger space is dangerous because…

A

infection can spread from skull base to the way to mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

major arteries in neck (5)

A

R & L subclavian
R & L common carotid
brachiocephalic (middle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

common carotids branch into…

A

internal & external carotids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the major source of blood supply for the brain

A

internal carotids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

______ ______ come from the subclavians

A

vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

vertebral arteries become ______ at junction of medulla and pons

A

basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

major neck veins (6)

A

R & L brachiocephalic
superior vena cava
internal jugular
external jugular
subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

right and left brachiocephalic join together to form ______

A

superior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

external jugular drains

A

face and scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

internal jugular drains

A

brain, anterior face, deep muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Important neck nerves 2

A

CN 10 - vagus
phrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

neck glands (3)

A

submandibular
thyroid
parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

neck nodes (2)

A

submandibular
cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

larynx main role is _______ (3)

A

PROTECTIVE
1. prevent air from escaping lungs
2. prevent foreign substances from entering lungs
3. expel foreign substances threatening trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

larynx also is a ______ when not performing a biological role

A

sound generator (vocal cords)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

hyolaryngeal elevation does what

A

protects airway as we swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is hyoid bone attached to

A

no other bone
held in place by muscles and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What suspends the larynx

A

Hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where is hyoid bone located

A

in neck at level C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

three parts of hyoid bone

A

body
greater cornu (2)
lesser cornu (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

thyroid cartilage parts (7)

A

lamina (body)
superior and inferior cornu
facets (2)
notch
prominence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

articular facets of _________ attach to cricoid cartilage to form the cricothyroid joint

A

inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage

52
Q

who has the sharpest notch of the thyroid cartilage

A

men
children have the least

53
Q

cricoid cartilage is shaped like

A

signet ring

54
Q

cricoid cartilage is located immediately above the

A

tracheal cartilage

55
Q

cricoid cartilage forms the

A

lower border of the laryngeal framework

56
Q

arytenoid cartilages are located where

A

quadrate lamina of cricoid cartilage

57
Q

arytenoid cartilages shape

A

3d triangle

58
Q

corniculate cartilages do what

A

cap each arytenoid
no real importance

59
Q

epiglottis purpose

A

prevents food from entering larynx during swallow

60
Q

epiglottis shape

A

flexible leaf-like structure

61
Q

epiglottis location

A

behind hyoid bone and root of tongue

62
Q

cuneiform cartilages function

A

help support folds & stiffen them to maintain opening of larynx

63
Q

joints in larynx (2)

A

cricoarytenoid
cricothyroid

64
Q

cricoarytenoid is what type of joint

A

saddle (diarthrodial)

65
Q

cricoarytenoid allows for

A

rocking and some gliding

66
Q

rocking movements of arytenoids do what

A

moves vocal processes up and out or down and in

67
Q

cricothyroid is what kind of joint and how does it move

A

pivot (synovial)
rotates and slides

68
Q

cricothyroid joint allows for

A

decreased separation between thyroid and cricoid cartilages

69
Q

what joint influences fundamental frequency

A

cricothyroid joint

70
Q

two types of membranes/ligaments

A

extrinsic
intrinsic

71
Q

extrinsic membranes do what

A

connect laryngeal cartilages to external structures

72
Q

intrinsic membranes do what

A

interconnect laryngeal cartilages and help regulate extent
and direction of their movements

73
Q

extrinsic membranes (2)

A

hyothyroid
cricotracheal

74
Q

intrinsic membranes (2)

A

cricovocal
quadrangular

75
Q

laryngeal cavities (3)

A

glottal
supraglottal
subglottal

76
Q

cricovocal membrane aka

A

conus elasticus or vocal ligament

77
Q

subglottal cavity borders

A

superior - vocal cords
inferior - lower border of cricoid cartilage

78
Q

suprahyoid extrinsic laryngeal muscles (4)

A

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

79
Q

infrahyoid extrinsic laryngeal muscles (4)

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

80
Q

three types of intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

abductor
adductor
tensor/relaxer

81
Q

intrinsic abductor muscle (1)

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

82
Q

intrinsic adductor muscles (3)

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Interarytenoids
- Oblique
- Transverse

83
Q

intrinsic tensor/relaxer muscles (3)

A

Thyroarytenoid
- Thyrovocalis
- thyromuscularis
Cricothyroid

84
Q

digastric muscle

A

paired muscle, each consisting of 2 fleshy bellies
- anterior and posterior bellies

85
Q

stylohyoid location & function

A

long slender muscle lying just superficial to
posterior belly of digastric

draw hyoid bone superiorly and
posteriorly

86
Q

mylohyoid location & function

A

thin sheet of muscle fibers forming muscular
floor of mouth

elevate hyoid bone, floor of mouth,
tongue

87
Q

geniohyoid location & function

A

paired cylindrical muscle located just
superior to mylohyoid

with mandible fixed, raises hyoid
bone superiorly and anteriorly

88
Q

sternohyoid location & function

A

flat muscle lying on anterior surface of neck

draws hyoid inferiorly

89
Q

omohyoid location & function

A

long, narrow two‐bellied muscle on antero‐
lateral surface of neck

depress, stabilize hyoid bone

90
Q

sternothyroid location & function

A

long slender muscle on anterior surface of
neck

may draw thyroid cartilage inferiorly

91
Q

thyrohyoid location & function

A

appears as superiorly directed extension of
sternothyroid

decreases distance between thyroid
cartilage and hyoid bone

92
Q

what muscles are responsible for control of sound production

A

intrinsic muscles

93
Q

intrinsic muscles always act in ____

A

pairs

94
Q

two ways intrinsic muscles affect the larynx

A

medial compression - force with which the vocal cords are brought together

longitudinal tension - stretching force (affects F0)

95
Q

only abductor muscle of larynx

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

96
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid action

A

rocks arytenoid cartilages away from
midline, abducting the vocal processes
and, therefore, the vocal folds

97
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid function

A

rocks arytenoid cartilages toward
midline, adducting the vocal processes
and, therefore, the vocal folds

98
Q

interarytenoids 2 parts

A

oblique and transverse interarytenoids

99
Q

oblique interarytenoids action

A

oblique fibers approximate arytenoid
cartilages via tipping or rocking action

more superficial of two, consisting of two
fasciculi

100
Q

transverse interarytenoids action

A

transverse fibers approximate
arytenoid cartilages via sliding action

more extensive and deeper of the two

101
Q

aryepiglottic action

A

pulls epiglottis posteriorly and
inferiorly to cover upper entrance to
larynx

extension of oblique interarytenoids

102
Q

thyroarytenoid function and two parts

A

tensor/relaxer
makes up main mass of vibrating vocal folds

consists of two muscle masses
Vocalis ‐ portion just lateral to vocal
ligament
Thyromuscularis ‐ lateral to vocalis

103
Q

vocalis description and function

A

thought to be vibrating mass of vocal folds

104
Q

thyroarytenoid action

A

principle function is regulator of longitudinal tension

105
Q

cricothyroid 2 parts actions

A

pars recta
pars oblique

result is increase in distance between
thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and
tension of vocal folds

106
Q

vocal fold histology - layers (5)

A

epithelium
lamina propria
- superficial layer
- intermediate layer
- deep layer
thyroarytenoid muscle
- main body of VC

107
Q

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory 2 parts

A

myoelasticity - elastic recoil similar to recoil of lung-thorax unit

aerodynamic forces - bernoulli effect

108
Q

bernoilli effect definition and formula

A

air flowing through system creates suction force perpendicular to movement of air

greater the flow rate, greater the suction force
E = KE + PE

E = total energy (constant throughout system)
KE = kinetic energy (energy of motion)
PE = potential energy (energy of pressure in system

109
Q

bernoilli effect in the vocal tract

A

if a tube is constricted, air will flow faster through the constricted section
therefore, pressure in tube will be less at the
constriction

110
Q

VC biomechanics - spring (formula)

A

elastic
Fk = xK, where
x = displacement
K = spring constant
represents tension

111
Q

VC biomechanics - dashpot: definition and formula

A

viscous damper that opposes motion (not position)
FB = x’B, where
x’ = velocity
B = damping constant
in larynx, used to decrease velocity
of mass (vocal fold) due to elasticity (spring)

112
Q

VC biomechanics - mass

A

inertial
FM = x’’M, where
x’ = acceleration
M = mass

113
Q

three criteria for mechanical oscillation

A
  1. stable equilibrium position
  2. inertia in system to overshoot equilibrium
  3. net energy loss in system = 0 (if oscillation is to be self‐ sustaining)
114
Q

three mass model (m, m1, m2)

A

vocal fold body represented
by third mass (m)

vocal fold cover represented
by two masses (m1 and m2), capable of independent horizontal motion

115
Q

m1 and m2 allow for
simulation of

A

vertical phase
difference

116
Q

glottal shape ________ during opening

A

convergent

117
Q

glottal shape ________ during closing

A

divergent

118
Q

control of F0 accomplished via … (2)

A
  • adjustments of vocal folds (primary)
  • adjustment of respiratory system (secondary
119
Q

3 laryngeal (vocal fold) factors include___

A

vocal fold tension (stiffness)
effective vibrating mass
cover tension increase via laryngeal elevation

120
Q

increase tension =

A

increase Fo

121
Q

stretching (lengthening) folds will …. (2)

A

stiffen them (increase longitudinal tension)
reduce their mass per unit of length (thinning)

122
Q

cover dominant phonation

A

only the cover vibrates during soft and high frequency phonation
cricothyroid contracts, unopposed by thyroarytenoid

123
Q

body-cover phonation

A

at low – intermediate frequencies or at moderate‐to‐high intensity
phonation at any frequency, thyroarytenoid (body) participates in
vibration

Fo control now involves a combination of cricothyroid and
thyroarytenoid activity

124
Q

decrease effective vibrating mass =

A

increase Fo

but, must decrease mass by factor of 4 to double Fo

125
Q

suprahyoid muscles and thyrohyoid
may exert pull on underside of vocal
folds via conus elasticus to

A

elevate F0

may be used as last biomechanical
adjustment to attain highest
fundamental frequencies

126
Q

sternothyroid and sternohyoid
contraction may lower the larynx,
causing vocal folds to

A

shorten and
thicken - decrease F0

127
Q

tracheal air pressure tends to ______ with Fo

A

increase

gross anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions