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gross anatomy > exam #4 > Flashcards

exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

vocal tract

A

tube like series of cavities beginning at vocal
folds and ending at lips

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2
Q

articulators

A

movable structures which directly form portion of vocal tract wall, or are directly attached to wall

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3
Q

articulators (6)

A

lips
mandible
tongue
soft palate
hard palate
teeth

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4
Q

lips bottom line

A

small mass relative to forces available
highly elastic
fast twitch muscle
bottom line ‐‐‐‐‐ lips set up to move very quickly

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5
Q

lips magnitude of movement _______ related

A

inversely related

greater movement of one associated with less movement of other

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6
Q

mandible movements (5)

A

raise, lower, retrude, protract, lateralize

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7
Q

mandible ROM

A

range of movement for
speech much less than
total range
also, more restricted than
range for chewing
jaw never completely
closed during speech

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8
Q

is the mandible a primary articulator?

A

no

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9
Q

what does the mandible affect

A

influences UL and LL movement
tongue rides on jaw
distance tongue has to travel to make dental, alveolar, palatal
contacts depends on jaw position
influences overall size of oral cavity

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10
Q

considered most important supraglottal articulator

A

tongue

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11
Q

tongue mass and viscosity

A

mass negligible in relation to muscle forces available
 viscosity negligible in relation to muscle forces available

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12
Q

muscular hydrostat

A

tongue

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13
Q

velopharyngeal mechanism

A

valve that couples and
decouples oral and nasal
cavities

sagittal velar elevation
movements occur superiorly
and posteriorly

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14
Q

clearly prominent muscle
associated with velar
elevation

A

levator veli palatini

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15
Q

purpose of articulator movement

A

to control airflow simultaneously with changing vocal tract
shape so that a sound stream is created

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16
Q

airflow control is an

A

aerodynamic phenomenon

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17
Q

shape control is an

A

acoustic phenomenon

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18
Q

control of VP/nasal function (4)

A

VP‐Nasal Airway Resistance
VP‐Nasal Acoustic Impedance
VP Closure Forces
VP Function During Speech

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19
Q

VP-nasal airway resistance

A

opposition to airflow out
VP port, nasal cavities, outer
nose
 resistance affected by status of VP mechanism and by nasal airway status

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20
Q

VP-nasal acoustic impendence

A

VP port can be adjusted to
influence degree of coupling
between oral and nasal
cavities

when closed, nearly all
sound energy passes orally

when VP port open, oral and
nasal cavities free to
exchange sound energy
and interact acoustically

if oral tract closed (i.e. /m/),
sound energy passes nasally, with oral cavity as acoustic side branch

if oral tract open, sound
energy divided between
oral and nasal cavities

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21
Q

VP closure forces

A

soft palate must contact posterior pharyngeal wall with sufficient tightness to functionally separate oral and nasal cavities

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22
Q

VP functions during speech (3)

A

movement patterns
height variation
gravity

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23
Q

VP height variation

A

velar elevation greater for high vowels than for low vowels
 low vowels sometimes associated with VP opening

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24
Q

pharyngeal -oral lumen size/configuration

A

result of adjustments in
position of structures lining
the airway
 result in changes in length,
diameter, cross‐sectional
area along tube, cross‐
sectional configuration

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25
Q

oral contact forces

A

similar to VP closure forces
degree of constriction in oral cavity dependent on sound being produced (e.g. /l/ versus /t/
oral pressure requirements and effects of gravity important considerations

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26
Q

pharyngeal-oral airway resistance

A

opposition to airflow
through tract

greatly affected by changes
in tract cross sectional area

most prominently affected
by changes in oropharynx,
oral cavity, oral vestibule

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27
Q

pharyngeal oral acoustic impedance

A

opposition to movement of
energy (sound waves)
through vocal tract

also affected by changes in
cross sectional area of tract

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28
Q

pharyngeal-oral function

A

coupling between oral cavity and atmosphere
- chewing
- swallowing
- generation and filtering of speech sounds
- transient and continuous noise sources
- acoustic filtering (resonation)
- coarticulation

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29
Q

cavities of the vocal tract (4)

A

buccal
oral
nasal
pharyngeal

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30
Q

buccal cavity

A

highly variable
space between lips and cheek externally & alveolar processes & teeth
internally

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31
Q

oral cavity

A

bounded anteriorly & laterally by
alveolar processes & teeth
 superiorly by hard and soft palate
 inferiorly by muscular floor of mouth
 posteriorly by anterior faucial pillars

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32
Q

nasal cavity

A

divided sagitally by nasal septum
 bounded anteriorly by nares
 inferiorly by hard and soft palate
 posteriorly by nasopharyngeal wall

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33
Q

pharyngeal cavity

A

from base of skull to bottom of cricoid
 divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx,
laryngopharynx

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34
Q

VP mechanism parts (3)

A

hard palate
palatal vault
soft palate

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35
Q

hard palate

A

formed by palatine processes of maxilla and palatine bones

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36
Q

palatal vault

A

rounded roof of the mouth

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37
Q

soft palate

A

also called velum
muscular valve that modified communication between oral and nasal cavities

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38
Q

VP muscles (5)

A

levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
musculus uvulae
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus

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39
Q

levator veli palatini

A

forms bulk of soft palate

pulls soft palate superiorly and posteriorly to posterior pharyngeal wall

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40
Q

tensor veli palatini

A

tense and lower palatal aponeurosis

opens eustachian tube

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41
Q

musculus uvulae

A

draw uvula superiorly and anteriorly
tenses palate to enhance effectiveness of levator action

42
Q

palatoglossus

A

anterior faucial pillar
may pull down on velum if tongue is fixed

43
Q

palatopharyngeus

A

posterior faucial pillar
guide material through pharynx

44
Q

muscles of mastication

A

depressors
digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
lateral pterygoid
elevators
massater
medial pterygoid
temporalis

45
Q

digastric

A

with hyoid fixed, assist in depressing mandible

46
Q

mylohyoid

A

thin sheet of muscles forming floor of mouth
could assist in lowering

47
Q

geniohyoid

A

paired cylindrical muscle located superior to mylohyoid
with hyoid fixed, lowers jaw

48
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

aka external pterygoid
protrude mandible
needed for grinding motion

49
Q

masseter

A

thick flat muscle coverinf lateral aspect of mandibular ramus
elevates jaw

50
Q

medial pterygoid

A

aka internal pterygoid
with masseter, forms mandibular sling

51
Q

what makes the mandibular sling

A

medial pterygoid and masseter
mandibular sling attaches mandible to skull

52
Q

temporalis

A

thin broad msucle on side of skull
elevates and retracts the mandible

53
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

transverse
buccinator
risorius
angular
zygomatic major
zygomatic minor
levator labii superior
depressor labii inferior
vertical
levator anguli oris
depressor anguli oris
mentalis

54
Q

muscles of facial expression - transverse

A

course horizontally from origin and insert into orbicularis oris

55
Q

muscles of facial expression - vertical

A

approach corners of mouth obliquely from above or below

56
Q

muscles of facial expression - angular

A

enter corners of mouth from directly above or below

57
Q

principle muscle of facial expression

A

orbicularis oris

58
Q

orbicularis oris

A

principle lips muscle
sphincter muscle that goes all the way around the lips
closes and puckers lips

59
Q

buccinator

A

transverse
principle muscle of cheek
deepest muscle of face

compress lips and cheeks against teeth
draw corners of mouth laterally

60
Q

risorius

A

transverse
highly variable
draw corners of mouth laterally

61
Q

zygomatic major

A

angular
draw mouth corner superiorly and laterally (wide smile)

62
Q

zygomatic minor

A

angular
elevate upper lip

63
Q

levator labii superior

A

angular
above upper lip
elevate upper lip

64
Q

depressor labii inferior

A

angular
beneath lower lip
lower lip inferiorly

65
Q

levator anguli oris

A

vertical
above upper lip
draw corner of mouth superiorly

66
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

vertical
above depressor labii inferior
depress lip angle

67
Q

mentalis

A

vertical
below lower lip
wrinkles chin
evert lower lip (pout)

68
Q

tongue parts

A

tip - closest to teeth
blade - below upper alveolar ridge
front - below hard palate
back - below soft palate

69
Q

tongue muscles (8)

A

Extrinsic
anchor tongue, add to its bulk, aid in movement
▪ Genioglossus
▪ Styloglossus
▪ Hyoglossus
▪ Palatoglossus
Intrinsic
alter tongue shape, aid in movement and positioning
▪ Superior Longitudinal
▪ Inferior Longitudinal
▪ Transverse
▪ Vertical

70
Q

genioglossus

A

extrinsic
bulk of tongue tissue
strongest and largest tongue muscle
protrude tip

71
Q

styloglossus

A

extrinsic
draw tongue posteriorly
antagonist to genioglossus

72
Q

hyoglossus

A

extrinsic
retract and depress tongue

73
Q

palatoglossus

A

extrinsic
pull up on tongue if velum is anchored

74
Q

superior longitudinal

A

intrinsic
just below mucous membrane of dorsum
shortens tongue, turns tongue tip up

75
Q

inferior longitudinal

A

intrinsic
lateral to genioglossus
shorten tongue, pull tongue tip down

76
Q

transverse

A

intrinsic
narrow and elongate tongue

77
Q

vertical

A

intrinsic
flatten tongue

78
Q

how many bones in the skull

A

22

79
Q

mandible

A

most dynamic bone
begins as two half and fuses together

80
Q

maxilla

A

paired bone that forms upper jaw
makes the… roof of mouth, floor of orbit, floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity

81
Q

palatine bones

A

small tiny bones below eye

82
Q

nasal bones

A

two small ones make bridge of nose

83
Q

lacrimal bones

A

smallest of facial bones
inner corner of eye

84
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheek bone

zygomatic process of maxilla, temporal bone and zygomatic bones make the zygomatic arch

85
Q

what makes the zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic process of maxilla, temporal bone and zygomatic bones

86
Q

ethmoid

A

nose area
although regarded as cranial bone, contributes to facial
skeleton

87
Q

inferior nasal concha

A

makes up inferior aspect of lateral wall of nasal cavity

88
Q

vomer

A

inferior half of bony nasal septum
articulates inferiorly with palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones
anterior border articulates with cartilagenous septum of nose

89
Q

cranial bones (5)

A

sphenoid
temporal bones (3)
occipital bones
parietal bone
frontal bone

90
Q

frontal bone

A

forms anterior part of brain case
 vertical plate contributes to forehead
 horizontal plate contributes to roof of orbit and nasal cavities

91
Q

parietal bones

A

form most of rounded roof of cranium
 articulate with frontal bone at coronal suture
 joined together in midline at sagittal suture

92
Q

occipital bone

A

inferior and posterior portion of cranium
 includes foramen magnum
 occipital condyles, lateral to foramen magnum, articulate
with superior facets of C1

93
Q

temporal bones

A

paired bones forming most of lateral base and sides of brain
case
 each bone has 3 portions
 squamous portion
 petrous portion
 tympanic portion

94
Q

sphenoid bone

A

located at base of skull, behind ethmoid, and in front of foramen magnum

95
Q

cranial sutures (4)

A

coronal suture
sagittal suture
squamosal suture
lambdoid suture

96
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

only skeletal joint in articulatory
system

97
Q

dysarthria

A

neurological damage leading to muscle weakness
 can affect multiple processes
 Respiration
 inadequate breath support
 poor coordination between phonatory & respiratory muscles
 Phonation
 hypo/hyper vocal fold function
 voiced/voiceless distinction
 prosody
 Articulation
 imprecise placement
 slowed, slurred, distorted speech
 Resonance
 oral/nasal resonance balance

98
Q

cleft palate

A

failure of union of palatal shelves, muscles
 Respiration
 increased respiratory effort in attempt to close VP port
 Phonation
 increased breathiness to mask abnormal aerodynamics & acoustics
 Articulation
 reduced ability to impound oral pressure resulting in changes to articulatory
kinematics (e.g., backing)
 Resonance
 adversely affects oral/nasal resonance balance and aerodynamics

99
Q

emphysema

A

 destruction of alveoli, reduced lung elasticity
 Respiration
 reduced Psub …. reduced intensity
 increased respiratory effort
 shorter breath groups
 Phonation
 LES dysfunction leading to reflux… may result in laryngeal issues
 upper respiratory tract infections … may result in laryngeal issues

100
Q

CA joint arthrytis

A

associated with rheumatoid arthritis
 Respiration
 adductory fixation causing inspiratory stridor
 shortness of breath
 Phonation
 vocal fold immobility
 hoarseness, breathiness, aphonia
 Articulation
 associated TMJ involvement may limit jaw motion

gross anatomy (9 decks)

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