Exam 3 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
what is the definition of inoculation?
A
2
Q
What is the role of thioglycollate in the media?
A
3
Q
what is thioglycollate broth used for?
A
4
Q
What is the role of brom-thymol blue in the media?
A
5
Q
Describe the consistency of the media in the tubes for oxygen requirements?
A
6
Q
what is a gas pak jar?
A
7
Q
how is a gas pak jar used and what is it used for?
A
8
Q
Why is oxygen toxic to some bacteria?
A
9
Q
How do aerobic cells deal with those toxic byproducts of aerobic respiration?
A
10
Q
what is strict anaerobe?
A
11
Q
what is an aerobe?
A
12
Q
what is a microaerophile?
A
13
Q
what is a facultative anaerobes?
A
14
Q
what is an aerotolerant anaerobes?
A
15
Q
What are cardinal temperatures?
A
16
Q
What makes a particular temperature an optimal temperature for a microbe?
A
17
Q
what are Psychrophiles?
A
18
Q
what are Mesophiles?
A
19
Q
what are Thermophiles ?
A
20
Q
What are Psychrotrophs?
A
21
Q
what temperature was The red pigment of Serratia marcescens was produced at?
A
22
Q
What temperature classification do human pathogens fall in?
A
23
Q
what temperature classification do microbes that can grow in the refrigerator fall in?
A
24
Q
What is a serial dilution and how is it done?
A
25
Why are serial dilutions done?
26
what is viable cell count and total cell count. & Which did we do in this lab?
27
What is the number range of bacteria on a plate appropriate for determining cell count/ml?
28
What is SV / TV?
29
If I ask you to make a 1-20 dilution and you have 1 ml of culture, how much of the diluent do you need?
30
What bacteria did we use? What did we observe about the culture?
(serial dilution)
31
How is the pour plate technique done?
(serial dilution)
32
Why is it important to make sure the agar isn’t too hot before mixing it with sample?
(serial dilution)
33
Why is it important to make sure the agar isn’t too cool before pouring on plate?
(serial dilution)
34
which dilutions have more cells per ml and which have less – what is the pattern?
1-10 dilution has more cells than a 1-100 dilution, which has more cells than a 1-1000 dilution.
35
What does PCR stand for?
36
What is another word for amplification?
(PCR)
37
What is the goal of PCR?
38
Why did we wear gloves for this experiment?
(PCR)
39
What did we use to measure volumes of liquids for this experiment?
(PCR)
40
Why is a thermostable DNA polymerase required for PCR?
41
What are dideoxynucleotides?
(PCR)
42
List what is needed (recipe) to do a PCR reaction, and the role of each.
43
What are the 3 steps of a single PCR cycle?
What is occurring during each step?
44
What is the purpose of agarose gel electrophoresis?
45
Where are the PCR product (DNA) samples loaded into the gel?
46
On the gel the DNA fragments migrate in what direction? (cathode or anode)
47
Which size DNA fragments will migrate faster (farther)? ( smaller or larger)
48
How did the PCR product band visible in the “30” tube lane differ from the 0, 10, and 20 tube lanes?
49
What was used to stain / visualize DNA bands in the gel?
(PCR)
50
How was the size of the PCR product band determined?
What was the size of the PCR product band?
51
What does –cidal mean?
52
What does –static mean?
53
Contrast a disinfectant and an antiseptic.
54
What chemicals were tested in this lab?
(chemical control)
55
What is the mechanism by which alcohols are bacteriocidal?
56
What is the mechanism by which Halogens are bacteriocidal?
57
Was there a difference in their effectiveness – gram positive vs. gram negative?
58
What is unusual about the use of alcohol as a disinfectant?
59
What is an antibiotic?
60
what are 3 known targets of antibiotics? (modes of action).
61
What is a zone of inhibition?
How are they measured?
(antibiotic testing)
62
If a clear zone of inhibition is present, does that mean the bacteria is sensitive to the antibiotic?
63
What do the terms Resistant, Intermediate and Sensitive mean – with regards to growth in the presence of an antibiotic.
64
determine if a strain / species of bacteria is R, I or S when given a plate, a ruler and a table.
65
How does Penicillin
kill / stop growth of bacteria?
66
How does Cephalosporin
kill / stop growth of bacteria?
67
How does Erythromycin
kill / stop growth of bacteria?
68
What are the broad spectrum antibiotics?
(Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Erythromycin)
69
What antibiotic class is often useful for upper respiratory infections?
70
How is UV light damaging to humans? What tissues?
71
What is a thymine dimer? (what is thymine?)
72
What is a pyrimidine dimer?
72
What does the photoreactivation photolyase enzyme do to thymine dimers?
73
What is the most effective wavelength of UV light for killing microbes?
74
What species of bacteria was used?
(UV light)
75
What about the plate whose lid was on for the UV light treatment?
76
Plates immediately wrapped in foil after UV treatment were expected to show less survivors in the kill zone than the plates that were exposed to light after UV treatment – why?
77
What are some limitations of UV treatment as a way to control microbes?
78
How do you do a streak plate?
79
Why do you do a streak plate?
80
What is the next step towards isolating a pure culture?
81
What is a pure culture?
82
What culture did we use for this experiment?
83
What did we observe on Nutrient agar, MacConkey, PEAB, MSA, and EMB?
84
BAP
- blood agar plates are differential. The presence of blood is the differential ingredient. Remember the 3 types of hemolysis.
85
- What does selective mean?
- What does differential mean?
86
What will grow on each selective media and why?
87
What can be observed on each differential plate?
88
recognize by the colony appearance – metallic green
89
recognize by the colony appearance – dark pink/purple vs white colonies
90
recognize by the colony appearance – hemolysis
91
recognize by the colony appearance – yellow haloing
92
Which type of plate was used for this exercise and why?
(staph)
93
How is low pH created on the skin? 2 steps
94
Why is E. coli classified as skin transient flora?
95
What does Staphylococcus epidermidis look like when grown on a MSA Plate?
96
What does Staphylococcus aureus look like when grown on a MSA Plate?
97
Why does the agar change to yellow color where Staphyloccus aureus is growing?
98
Are tests available that can differentiate between Staphs and Streps? Name one.
99
Are tests available that can differentiate between different Staphs? Name one.
100
How do you do a catalase test?
101
Which genus is catalase positive?
Catalase negative?
102
What is the basis of the ELISA test? (How does an ELISA test work?)
103
How can it be used to diagnose an infectious disease?
(ELISA)
104
What does ELISA stand for?
105
What part of the immune system makes antibodies?
106
What was the antigen used in the ELISA test done in lab?
107
Where does the primary antibody come from in an indirect ELISA?
108
What does it specifically bind to in the ELISA test?
109
What is the job of the secondary antibody in ELISA?
110
When was the chromagen added?
111
What did addition of the chromagen cause?
