Practical 1

Question 1

Aspergillus

Answer 1

recognize & recognize conidia.

Question 2

Bacillus

Answer 2

rod shaped

Question 3

Balantidium

Answer 3

• Name a disease (Colitis)
• What kingdom are the Protozoa in? (Protista)
• Can they grow in a multicellular form? (No)
• Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? (eukaryotes)

Question 4

Candida

Answer 4

• Name a disease
• What kingdom are the Protozoa in? (PROTISTA)
• Can they grow in a multicellular form? (No)
• Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? (eukaryotes)

Question 5

Penicillium

Answer 5

recognize (witches fingers) & Recognize conidia. (naked spores in sacs)

Question 6

Plasmodium

Answer 6

• Name a disease (Malaria)
• What kingdom are the Protozoa in? (PROTISTA)
• Can they grow in a multicellular form? (No)
• Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

Question 7

Rhizopus

Answer 7

recognize & Recognize sporangia and zygospores.

Question 8

Staphlyococcus

Answer 8

clusters of spheres

Question 9

Toxoplasma

Answer 9

• Name a disease (toxoplasmosis)
• What kingdom are the Protozoa in? (PROTISTA)
• Can they grow in a multicellular form? (No)
• Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?
  (eukaryotes)

Question 10

Trichomonas

Answer 10

• Name a disease
• What kingdom are the Protozoa in? (PROTISTA)
• Can they grow in a multicellular form? (No)
• Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? (eukaryotes)

Question 11

Trypanosoma brucei

Answer 11

• Name a disease (African sleeping sickness)
• What kingdom are the Protozoa in? (PROTISTA)
• Can they grow in a multicellular form? (No)
• Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? (eukaryotes)

Question 12

What are fomites?

Answer 12

non-living surfaces such as dishes, kleenex, towels, surfaces, etc. that may house microorganisms

Question 13

Name at least 4 modes of transmission.

Answer 13

• fecal-oral
• droplet
• airborne
• contact

Question 14

How do you do aseptic technique?

Answer 14

• place the look in the top of the blue flame, keep loop or needle facing down
• loop should be orange for 2 -3 seconds, then cool for 5 seconds
• avoid setting lids of pure cultures on countertops
• minimize the time the lid is off
• hold the tube at an agnle, then run the tube through the flame

Question 15

How does one flame sterilize a loop – be specific

Answer 15

• place the look in the top of the blue flame, keep loop or needle facing down
• loop should be orange for 2 -3 seconds, then cool for 5 seconds

Question 16

Describe a broth, slant, deep.

Answer 16

broth- liquid form
slant- slanted gelatin
deep- deep gelatin

Question 17

What is a pure culture?

Answer 17

It contains only one type of microbe; a single species of microorganism

Question 18

What is the purpose of flaming the openings of the test tubes?

Answer 18

its an aseptic technique, it is to prevent contamination of other microbes

Question 19

Streptococcus

Answer 19

chains of spheres

Question 20

What should a good quality smear look like?

Answer 20

thick at the frosted end and becomes progressively thinner with good separation of cells toward the opposite end.

Question 21

Define and give examples of basic stains and acidic stains.

Answer 21

basic stains- positively charged chromophore & negative ion
- crystal violet, methylene blue, carbolfuchsin, malachite green, & safranin
acidic stains- negatively charged chromophores & positive ion
- India Ink & Nigrosine

Question 22

What is the purpose of heat fixation?

Answer 22

• it anchors the bacterial cells to the slide and kills them
• prevents biohazrds and make them safe to handle

Question 23

How do you do a gram stain?

Answer 23

• cover with crystal violet for 1 minute
• cover with grams iodine for 1 minute
• cover with grams decolorizer for 3-5 seconds
• cover with safranin for 1 minute
• blot dry

Question 24

Unstained cells are:

Answer 24

gram-negative, they stain with the secondary stain

Question 25

What stains are used for a gram stain?

Answer 25

primary stain - crystal violet secondary stain - safrinin

Question 26

What results did we observe, and how are they interpreted? (gram-stain)

Answer 26

observe- red cells; short rods interpreted- gram-negative; bacillus

Question 27

How is the negative stain done?

Answer 27

- place a small drop of nigrosine on the right end of slide - transfer 2 loops of bacteria onto slide and gently mix - place clean slide at 30° angle above the other slide - gently move top slide across bottom slide to form a dark film - air dry slide (DONT HEAT FIX)

Question 28

What stain is used? What is the charge of this stain? (negative stain)

Answer 28

- Nigrosine - Negative

Question 29

For what is the negative stain useful?

Answer 29

to visualize the morphology and size of small biological structures like bacteria, viruses, and macromolecules by staining the background around the specimen

Question 30

What is observed in a negative stain?

Answer 30

unstained cell or particle against a dark background

Question 31

How is this stain done? (acid-fast stain)

Answer 31

- place 5-6 loopfuls of water on slide - mix bacteria with water - allow smaer to air dry then heat fix - place slide over steaming water - cover smear with a piece of blotting paper - cover with carbolfuchsin for 10-12 minutes (DONT let slide dry) - remove paper, rinse with water - decolorize with axid-alcohol - cover with methylene blue for 1 minute blot dry

Question 32

What stains are used for an acid fast stains?

Answer 32

primary - carbol fuchsin secondary - methylene blue

Question 33

When and why is steam used? (acid-fast stain)

Answer 33

- steam is used during the primary stain because it penetrates the mycolic acid to stain the cells dark fuchsia red - mycolic acid = lipid that makes the cell wall tougher to stain

Question 34

What results did we observe, and how are they interpreted? (acid-fast stain)

Answer 34

observe- dark fuchsia red cells interpreted- gram-negative

Question 35

How is this stain done? (endospore stain)

Answer 35

- place 2 loopfuls of water on each side of slide - place smear - air dry then heat fix slide - place slide over steam - cover with blotting paper - cover with malachite green for 10-12 mins (DONT let slide dry) - rinse with water - cover with safranin for 1 min - blot dry

Question 36

What stains are used? (endospore stain)

Answer 36

primary- Malachite green secondary- safranin

Question 37

When and why is steam used? (endospore stain)

Answer 37

Steam is used for the primary stain because it helps the malachite green penetrate the endospore

Question 38

What results did we observe, and how are they interpreted? (endospore stain)

Answer 38

observe- green circles interpreted- green endospores

Question 39

What kingdom are the fungi in?

Answer 39

Fungi

Question 40

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Answer 40

Eukaryotes

Question 41

Can fungi photosynthesize?

Answer 41

no, they grow on decaying organic matter

Question 42

Define dimorphic as it applies to fungi.

Answer 42

they can grow in single celled form - yeast (candida) can also grow in muticellular form - mold (rhizopus, penicillium, & aspergillus)

Question 43

How does fungi reproduce?

Answer 43

- both sexually and asexually - zygospores (sexual), sporangia, conidia

Question 44

What are hyphae? Mycelium?

Answer 44

hyphae- filaments formed by multicellular form fungal cells mycelium- mat of hyphae found underground; fuzzy growth

Question 45

How did we do this experiment? (fomites)

Answer 45

- used sterile wet swabs to swab over surfaces - gently wipe swab onto plate - placed in incubation room for 1 week - inspect growth plate

Question 46

Samples were streaked on type of plates: environmental: skin/mucous membranes: (fomites)

Answer 46

- environmental: the air plate - skin/mucous membranes: hands/surfaces

Question 47

What trends did we observe? (fomites)

Answer 47

- location sample - number of colonies - number of different colonies - colony morphology

Question 48

Staphylococcus causes what?

Answer 48

staph infections

Question 49

What makes endospores?

Answer 49

botulism & anthrax

Question 50

What are endospores resistent too?

Answer 50

high heat, UV light, drying, and freezing