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BIO 1500 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is water potential (Psi)?

A

The potential energy of water; it determines the direction of water movement.

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2
Q

What is the water potential of pure water at atmospheric pressure?

A

0 MPa (megapascals)

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3
Q

Does water move from high to low or low to high water potential?

A

From high to low water potential.

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4
Q

What two main factors determine water potential?

A

Solute potential (Ψs) and pressure potential (Ψp).

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5
Q

What is solute potential (Ψs)?

A

The effect of dissolved solutes; always negative or zero.

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6
Q

What is pressure potential (Ψp)?

A

Physical pressure on a solution; can be positive (turgor pressure) or negative (tension).

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7
Q

How does adding solute affect water potential?

A

It lowers (makes more negative) the water potential.

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8
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

Positive pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall; helps keep plant cells firm.

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9
Q

What happens to plant cells in hypotonic solutions?

A

Water enters the cell; they become turgid.

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10
Q

What happens to plant cells in hypertonic solutions?

A

Water leaves the cell; they become plasmolyzed.

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11
Q

What structure prevents plant cells from bursting in hypotonic solutions?

A

The cell wall.

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12
Q

What causes root pressure?

A

Active transport of minerals into the root xylem draws in water, creating pressure.

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13
Q

What is guttation?

A

The exudation of water droplets on leaf edges, caused by root pressure.

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14
Q

What is the cohesion-tension theory?

A

Water is pulled up through xylem due to cohesion and adhesion, driven by transpiration.

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15
Q

How does transpiration create tension in the xylem?

A

Water evaporating from leaves pulls water up from the roots like a straw.

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16
Q

What is the role of the stomata in water transport?

A

Stomata open to allow gas exchange but also cause water loss through transpiration.

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17
Q

How do guard cells control stomatal opening?

A

By taking in K⁺ ions, water follows by osmosis, swelling the cells and opening the pore.

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18
Q

What environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Temperature, humidity, wind, and light.

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19
Q

What plant adaptation reduces water loss?

A

Thick cuticle, sunken stomata, closing stomata during the day (CAM plants).

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20
Q

What causes cavitation in xylem vessels?

A

Air bubbles block water flow—often due to drought or freezing.

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21
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

A body plan where the left and right sides mirror each other.

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22
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

A body plan arranged around a central axis, like in jellyfish.

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23
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs at the front (head) of an animal.

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24
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner).

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25
Which phyla are diploblastic?
Cnidaria and possibly ctenophores.
26
Which phyla are triploblastic?
Most bilaterians, including flatworms, roundworms, annelids, arthropods, mollusks, chordates.
27
What is a coelom?
A fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
28
What are acoelomates?
Animals without a body cavity (e.g., flatworms).
29
What are pseudocoelomates?
Animals with a body cavity not completely lined by mesoderm (e.g., roundworms).
30
What are coelomates?
Animals with a body cavity completely lined by mesoderm (e.g., annelids, vertebrates).
31
What is a protostome?
An animal whose mouth develops from the blastopore (e.g., mollusks, annelids, arthropods).
32
What is a deuterostome?
An animal whose anus develops from the blastopore (e.g., echinoderms, chordates).
33
What are nematocysts?
Stinging organelles found in cnidocytes of cnidarians.
34
What is mesoglea?
A jelly-like substance between the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians.
35
What is a medusa?
A free-swimming, bell-shaped body form of a cnidarian.
36
What is a polyp?
A sessile, tubular body form of a cnidarian.
37
What is segmentation?
Division of the body into repetitive segments (seen in annelids, arthropods, chordates).
38
What is the function of a hydrostatic skeleton?
Supports body shape and movement using fluid-filled compartments.
39
What is the gastrovascular cavity?
A central digestive cavity with one opening; found in cnidarians.
40
What is a blastopore?
The opening that forms during gastrulation in embryonic development.
41
What is the ancestor of all animals?
A choanoflagellate-like protist.
42
What does metazoa mean?
Multicellular animals.
43
What type of symmetry do most animals have?
Bilateral symmetry.
44
What are the two main types of symmetry?
Radial and bilateral.
45
Which animals are asymmetrical?
Sponges (Porifera).
46
What does cephalization mean?
Development of a head with sensory organs.
47
What is the significance of a coelom?
It allows space for organs and complex structures.
48
What are the 3 types of body cavities?
Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.
49
What germ layers do diploblastic animals have?
Ectoderm and endoderm.
50
What germ layers do triploblastic animals have?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
51
What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
Protostomes: mouth develops first. Deuterostomes: anus develops first.
52
What is segmentation?
Division of the body into repetitive segments.
53
What are the benefits of segmentation?
Redundancy, specialization, better movement.
54
What defines a true coelom?
A body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
55
What phylum are sponges in?
Porifera.
56
Do sponges have tissues?
No, they have specialized cells.
57
How do sponges feed?
Filter feeding through choanocytes.
58
What is the mesohyl?
A gelatinous region between cell layers in sponges.
59
What are amoebocytes?
Cells in sponges that transport nutrients and make spicules.
60
What are spicules?
Skeletal elements in sponges.
61
Can sponges regenerate?
Yes, from individual cells.
62
What is the phylum of jellyfish?
Cnidaria.
63
What are the two body forms of Cnidarians?
Polyp and medusa.
64
What type of symmetry do Cnidarians have?
Radial symmetry.
65
What kind of gut do Cnidarians have?
Incomplete gut (gastrovascular cavity).
66
What are cnidocytes?
Stinging cells that contain nematocysts.
67
Do Cnidarians have nervous systems?
Yes, a diffuse nerve net.
68
How do Cnidarians reproduce?
Sexually and asexually (alternation of forms).
69
What are examples of Cnidarians?
Hydra, jellyfish, coral, sea anemone.
70
What is mesoglea?
The jelly-like layer between tissues in Cnidarians.
71
What are comb jellies?
Ctenophores.
72
What do comb jellies use for movement?
Rows of cilia.
73
Do Ctenophores sting?
No, they use sticky colloblasts.
74
What kind of gut do Ctenophores have?
Complete gut.
75
Are Ctenophores radial or bilateral?
They may have biradial symmetry.
76
Do Ctenophores have mesoderm?
Possibly, though debated.
77
What is a colloblast?
A sticky cell used to capture prey.
78
What does the xylem transport?
Water and minerals from roots to shoots.
79
What does the phloem transport?
Sugars from sources to sinks.
80
What drives xylem flow?
Transpiration and water potential.
81
What drives phloem flow?
Pressure flow (sugar loading and unloading).
82
What is transpiration?
Loss of water vapor from leaves.
83
What is the cohesion-tension theory?
Water is pulled up the xylem by evaporation at leaves.
84
What is water potential?
The potential energy of water, affects its movement.
85
What part of the root absorbs most water?
Root hairs.
86
What structure controls water entry into xylem?
The endodermis and Casparian strip.
87
What is guttation?
Water droplets on leaf tips from root pressure.
88
What is a source in phloem transport?
A sugar-producing area (e.g. leaf).
89
What is a sink in phloem transport?
A sugar-using/storage area (e.g. root or fruit).

BIO 1500 (5 decks)

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