EXAM 4 Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
What feeding types are all animals?
A
Heterotrophs
2
Q
What cellular make up do all animals have?
A
Multicellular
3
Q
What kind of matrix do all animals have?
A
Extracellular matrix
4
Q
What is the typical reproduction style of animals?
A
SEXUAL
5
Q
What are the stages of embryonic development?
A
- Blastula stage ( Hollow stage of cells)
- Gastrula stage (Formation of gut via gastrulation)
- Larval
6
Q
What are the evolutionary innovations?
A
Symmetry, tissues, body cavitiy, segmentation
7
Q
Saggital
A
Left/Right
8
Q
Transverse
A
Anterior/Posterior (head/tail)
9
Q
Frontal
A
Dorsal/ventral (back/belly)
10
Q
Triploblastic animals are usually…
A
Bilateral
11
Q
ectoderm
A
Skin, nervous system
12
Q
mesoderm
A
muscles, circulatory system
13
Q
endoderm
A
digestive system
14
Q
Most animals have what kind of symmetry?
A
Bilateral
15
Q
What groups have radial symmetry?
A
ctenophora, cnidaria
16
Q
What groups have no symmetry?
A
porifera, placozoa
17
Q
What is cell differentiation and do animals do it?
A
the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function - yes they do!
18
Q
Protosomes do what first?
A
Blastophore becomes mouth
19
Q
Deuterosomes do what first?
A
Blastopore becomes anus
20
Q
What does segment repetition allow for?
A
- Redundancy, specialization, independent movement via muscular control
21
Q
List Animal classification hierarchy?
A
Domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species
22
Q
What is monophyletic?
A
descend froma common ancestor
23
Q
porifera
A
Sponges
-parazoa
- no tissue, no symmetry
24
Q
Cnidaria
A
Jellyfish, hydra, coral
- diploblastic
- radial symmetry
25
Ctenophora
Comb Jellies
- diploblastic
- radial symmetry
26
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
- acoelomate
27
Nematoda
Roundworms
- Pseudocoleomate
28
Annelida
Earthworms
- Coelomate
- Segmented
29
Anthropoda
Insects, arachnids
- Coelomate
- segmented
30
Mollusca
Snails, clams, octopuses
31
Echinodermata
Sea Urchins, Starfish
- Deuterosome
- radial
32
Chordata
Vertabrates + relatives
- Deuterosomes
33
Parazoa
Sponges
(no tissues no symmetry)
34
Eumetazoa
All other animals
(have tissue, symmetry)
35
Diploblastic
Cnidarians and Ctenophores
36
Triploblastic
All Bilaterally, symmetric animals
37
Protosomes
Majority of all invertabrates
38
Deuterosomes
Echinoderms, chordates
39
Phylum Cnidaria
(what kind animal, tissue, symmetry, body forms, digestion, special thing)
- Jellyfish
-10,000 marine species
- Diploblastic (radial symmetry)
- Body forms (polyp: mouth up, medusa: mouth down)
- Gastrovascular cavity with one opening
- Nematocytes
40
Anthozoa
Cnidaria class
- corals, sea anemones
- coral; secrete calcium carbonate exoskeletons
- coral bleaching linked to acidification (loss of carbonate)
41
Cubozoa
Cnidaria Class
- box jellyfish
- box shaped medusae with eyes
- potent venom, fast swimmers
42
Hydrozoa
Cnidaria Class
- Hydra
- Polyp + Medusa stages
- some freshwater species
43
Scyphozoa
Cnidaria Class
- True Jellyfish
- medusa dominant
- transparent or translucent
44
Comb Jellies (Phylum Ctenophore)
- Not radial or bilateral
- Use cillia to move
- Have colloblasts for prey capture
45
What are bilaterians classified by?
Condition of coelom
46
What type of body cavity do flatworms have?
Acoelomic (they lack a coelom)
47
Whats the body texture of flatwroms?
Soft-bodied
48
How long can flatworms grow?
1mm to many meters
49
Where do flatwroms live?
Marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments
50
What do flatworms eat?
Carnivores and scavengers
51
how do flatworms move?
cillia
52
Do flatworms have strong muscles?
yessir
53
What kind of digestive cavity do flatworms have?
Incomplete digestive systems (only one opening)
54
How do flatworms digest food?
blind gut with ventral opening, pharynx contracts to tear food, extracellular digestion, gut cells phagocytose food bits
55
What is the function of the flatworm excretory system?
Remove excess water
56
How many holes/openings are in a flatowrm digestive system?
One
57
Are tapeworms free living or parasitic?
Parasitic
58
Do tapeworms have mouths or digestive systems?
NO
59
how do tapeworms obtain nutrients?
Absorb food through their body wall
60
What is the role of flame cells in tapeworms?
Cilia beat to move bad fluid through the system; water is removed and solutes are reclaimed in the body?
61
What is planaria known for?
Super good at regeneration
62
What are the two major groups of platyhelminthes?
Turbellaria and neodermata
63
What are turbellaria?
Free-living flatworms, eg. planaria
64
What are neodermata?
parasitic flatworms
65
what makes neodermata resistent to host defenses?
Their neodermis is resistent to digestive and immune resposnes
66
Do neodermata have eyespots?
NO
67
What class includes flukes
Class trematoda
68
How big are flukes
1mm - 8 cm
69
How do flukes attatch to hosts?
Using hooks, anchors, or suckers
70
How do flukes feed
Take food through the mouth
71
Do flukes have complex life cycles?
Yes, most have different hosts in their life cycle
72
Where does clonochis sinensis live?
(oriental liver flukes)
in the bile passes of humans, cats, dogs, pigs
73
Where is clonorchis sinensis common?
Asia
74
How long can clonorchis individuals live in the liver
15-30 years
75
What are the symptoms of clonorchis infection
asymptomatic but can lead to cirhosis and death
76
What organism starts the fluke life cycle?
Egg with miracidia hatch after being eaten by snails
77
What stages follow in the snail host?
Sporocysts, redim cercaria
78
How do humans get infected with flukes?
By eating raw and undercooked infected fish
79
Where do metcercarial cysts form?
in the fish muscle
80
Where do adult flukes live in humans
liver or bile ducts
81
What diesease is caused by schistosoma (blood fluke) ?
schistomiasis
82
Where do schistosoma blood flukes live
In blood vessels of intestines or bladder
83
How do people get infected by schistosoma?
From freshwater snails, penetration causes itchy rashes
84
How do schistosoma avoid immune response?
Worms coat themselves with antigens
85
What class are tapeworms in?
Class Cestoda
86
What species is the beef tapeworm?
Taenia saginata
87
Where do juvenile tapeworms live?
In cattle muscles
88
How do humans get infected by taenia saginata?
By eating undercooked beef
89
Where do adult tapeworms live?
In the human intestine
90
how are tapeworms spread
via human feces
91
What % of cattle in the US are affected by tapeworms?
1%
92
What % of beef is unisnpected?
20%
93
What kind of body cavity do nemotodes have?
Pseudocoelomic (fluid filled not lined by mesoderm body cavity)
94
Where do nemotodes live?
Marine , freshwater, soil
95
Are nemotodes usually parasitic?
Typically yes
96
What is the symmetry of nemotodes
Bilateral
97
Do nemotodes have segmented bodies?
No unsegmented
98
Do nemotodes have seperates sexes?
Yes usually two
99
How can you tell male nemotodes?
They have spicules
100
What kind of excretory system do nematodes have?
Simple, removes nitrogenous waste
101
How does respiration occur in nemotodes?
Along the body wall
102
What protects the nematode body?
A cuticle (outer layer)
103
What type of muscles do nemotodes have?
Longitudinal
104
How many times do nemotodes molt
4x
105
What do nemotodes use to sense their environment ?
sensory britles
106
Where are most mollusks found?
In marine environments
107
What are examples of mollusks?
Snails, slugs, clams, octopi
108
Do mollusks have a complete digestive tract?
Yes
109
What is the function of radulla in mollusks?
Scrape substrate for food
110
How many nerve cords do mollusks have?
Two ventral nerve cords
111
What produces the shells in mollusks
The mantle (made of calcium bicarboante)
112
What is the function of the foot in mollusks?
Movement
113
What type of symmetry do mollusks have?
Bilateral symmetry
114
Do mollusks have a well-developed head?
Some
115
What is the body symmetry of echinoderm larvae and adults?
Larvae; lateral adults; pentaradial
116
What is the skeleton of echinoderms made of?
Calcium carbonate plates (ossicles)
117
What is the function of mutable collagenous tissue in
Allows them to autotomize (shed)
118
What system aids movement and feeding in echinoderms
Water vascular systems
119
What structure allows water into the water vascular system?
Madreporite
120
What controls the tube feet in echinoderms?
Ampulla
121
How does the ampulla aid movement?
Contracts and forces water into tube feet
122
Do echinoderms have a brain?
No but they do have a nervous system
123
How does respiration occur in echinoderms?
Through body wall and tube feet
124
What kind of circulatory system do echinoderms have?
Open circulatory system
125
Do echinoderms have an excretory system?
NO
126
How is nitrogenous waste disposed in echinoderms?
Via tube feet
127
What of digestive sytem do echinoderms have?
Complete with extracellular digestion
128
How do echinoderms reproduce?
External fertilization or asexually
129
What are the 5 classes of echinoderms?
Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Ophiuroidea.
130
What kind of development do chordates have?
Deuterosome
131
What are the four embryonic features of chordates?
- dorsal nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail
132
What are somites
Segments in the embryonic body
133
What three subphyla make up phylum chordata?
urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata
134
What are tunicates?
Marine animals in subphylum urochordata
135
What are lancelets?
Scaleless marine chordates in cephalochordata
136
What replaces the notochord in vertabrates?
The vertabral column
137
What are the key traits of subphylum vertabrata?
Skull , 3 sensory organs, vertabral column
138
What are the vertabrate feature?
Neural crest, internal organs, endoskeleton
139
What was the first major vertabrate group?
Jawed fishes
140
What are the three main vertabrate traits?
Vertabral column, jaws with paired appendages, internal gills
141
How does blood circulate in fishes?
Single loop: heart -> gills -> body -> heart
142
How many chambers does a fish heart have?
Two
143
What are the nutritional deficiences in vertabrates?
Cant synthesize aromatic amino acids
144
What are sharks classified as?
Class chondricthyes
145
What type of skeleton do sharks have?
Light, strong , calcified skeleton
146
How do sharks reproduce?
Internal fertilization, often live birth
147
What is the lateral line system in sharks?
Detects changes in pressure waves
148
What fish includes bony fish?
Class Osteichthyes
149
When did bony fish evolve?
Same time as sharks
150
What are key features of bony fish?
Heavy skeleton, swim bladder, gill cover
151
What is the swim bladder?
Gas-filled sac for buoyancy control
152
What is the gill cover called?
Operculum, it helps pump water over gills
153
What are the 2 major groups of bony fishes?
Ray- finned (actinopterygii) and Lobe- finned (Sacropterygii)
154
What distinguishes ray-finned fishes?
Parrallel bony rayes support each fin, no muscles within fins
155
What distinguishes lobe finned fishes?
Paired fins with long, fleshy muscular lobes
156
What was the first vertabrate group to walk on land?
Amphibians
157
What are the key adaptations for amphibians?
legs, lungs, cutaneous respiration, pulmonary veins, partially divided
158
Why do amphibians reproduce in water?
To prevent eggs from drying out?
159
What are the three orders of modern amphibians?
Anura, Caudata, apoda
160
What distinguishes frogs from toads?
Frogs: smooth moist skin, near water
Toads: Bumpy dry skin, dry environments
161
Real definitions of Anura, caudata, apoda
anura - frogs and toads
caudata - salamander
apoda - caecilian
162
How do anura reproduce?
Eggs laid in water, external fertilization, tadpole larvae with metamorphosis
163
What features define caudata?
long bodies, tails, moist skin, internal fertilization, external gills
164
What features define Apoda?
Tropical, legless, burrowing carnivores with small eyes and jaws with teeth
165
What are the three key features of reptiles?
Amniotic eggs, dry skin (keratin), thoracic breathing
166
What does thoracic breathing do?
Increases lung capacity
167
What are monotremes?
Egg - laying mammals (platypus, echidna) found austrailia and new zealand
168
What repitilian traits do monotremes have?
Lay shelled eggs, cloaca, venom in males
169
What mammalian traits do monotremes have?
Single lower jawbone, fur, mammary glands
170
How do marsupials develop?
Short placenta, young crawl into pouch after birth
171
Where are marsupials found?
Australia and south america
172
how do placental mammals nourish embryos?
Via placenta that exchanges materials between fetal and maternal vessels
173
Do placental mammals have long development before birth?
Yes
174
What are two fundamental traits of mammals?
hair (keratin), mammary glands
175
What helps mammals digest plants?
Mutualism with for cellulose breakdown
176
How many heart chambers do mammals have?
4
177
What is the function of the diaphragm in mammals?
aids in respiration
178
What eutheria?
Group including marsupials and placental mammals
179
What are flying mammals?
Bats
180
How do bats fly?
membrane stretched over fingers, use echolocation
181
What are the two subclasses of modern mamals?
Prototheria (monotremes) and Theria (marsupials + placentals)
182
What reptile traits do birds still have?
Amniotic eggs, scales on legs and feet, vestigiaL tails
183
What are the two major traits of birds?
Feathers and flight skeleton
184
What are feathers made of?
Modified keratin scales
185
What aids brids in respiration and circulation?
Efficient lungs, one-way airflow, rapid heartbeat
186
What is Archaeoteryx?
First known bird
187
What allows flight in birds?
hollow bones, fused bones, large breast muscles
188
What are the four modern reptile orders?
Chelonia (turtles) , rhynchocephalia (tuataras), Squamata (Lizards +Snakes) , crocodylia
189
What is unique about tuataras?
THIRD EYE
190
What are squamata?
Lizards and snakes
191
What traits define snakes?
Evolved from lizards, no limbs, no eyelids or external ears, many vertabrates
192
Where do corcodiles live?
near or in water in tropical regions
193
How are crocodiles similiar to birds?
build nests, have 4 chambered hearts
194
What are the 4 membranes of an amniotic egg?
Chorion, allantois, yolk sac, amnion
195
What does chorion do?
gas exchange
196
What does allantois do?
stores waste, aids gas exchange
197
What does the yolk sac do?
Provides food
198
What does the amnion do?
Fluid cavity that embryo
199
What are two advantages of modern reptiles?
Internal fertilization, improved circulation
200
How do Reptiles regulates temperature?
Endothermic - absorb heat from external sources
201
What order are turtles and tortoises in?
Order Chelania
202
Do turtles have teeth?
No but have sharp beaks
203
What are the parts of a turtle shell?
Carapace (top) and plastron (bottom)
204
What kind of development do echinoderms and chordates share?
Deuterosome development
205
What is the function of the madreporite in echinoderms?
entry point for water into water vascular system
206
Which echinoderm class lacks an anus and uses tube feet for feeding only?
echinodea
207
What echinoderm class has five double rows of tube feet and movable spines?
Echinoidea
208
What kind of larval symmetry do echinoderms exhibit during development?
Bilateral symmetry
209
What echinoderm class included species without a complex anus?
Echinoidea
210
What adaptation allows bony fish to regulate buoyancy despite a heavy skeleton?
Swim bladder
211
What does torsion cause during gastropod development
The anus and mantle cavity move to the anterior
212
which class of mollusks lacks a radula and is mostly sessile filter feeders?
bivalvia
213
What is the function of chromatophores in cephalopods
camo and color change
214
Which structure in annelids helps anchor and move the animal?
Chatae (or setae)
215
What distinguishes errantia from sedentaria in annelids?
errantia are active movers, sedentaria are more stationary
216
What strucutre allows cephalopods to have a closed circulatory system
highly muscular body structure
217
Why can larger arthopods exist in water more easily than on land?
water porvides buoyancy, reducing gravities effects
218
What major disadvantage of exoskeletons limits arthopod size on land?
The weight of the exoskeleton becomes impractical
219
What happens to arthopods during molting (ecydysis)
they are vulnerable while waiting for the new exoskeleton to harden
220
Why do amphibians still rely on moist or aquatic environments?
Eggies
