Exam 3

Question 1

what did cuvier believe about catastrophism?

Answer 1

periods of natural disaster wiped out animal species

Question 2

who wrote Principles of Geology?

Answer 2

charles lyell

Question 3

what is uniformitarianism?

Answer 3

gradual, repetitive change shaped the earth’s formation: therefore the earth is millions of years old

Question 4

what did lamarck believe and what was right and wrong about his beliefs?

Answer 4

lamarck believed that organisms change over time and that the environment influences traits that are passed down, but he was wrong about inheriting traits gotten during a lifetime from parents

Question 5

How did Malthus’s beliefs influence darwin?

Answer 5

helped him come up with the idea of natural selection – competition for limited resources

Question 6

what is common descent?

Answer 6

the idea that all organisms come from one, simple species

Question 7

example of artificial selection

Answer 7

dog breeding

Question 8

how did darwin almost get scooped?

Answer 8

alfred wallace almost published the same thing before he did

Question 9

four darwinian principles

Answer 9

overproduction of offspring, struggle for existence, inheritance and accumulation of favorable variations, survival and reproduction of the fittest

Question 10

a group of particular species occupying the same area

Answer 10

population

Question 11

an inheritable change in DNA

Answer 11

mutation

Question 12

how do mutations affect evolution?

Answer 12

if a mutation helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it will be passed down, and the population as a whole will change

Question 13

what is the gene pool?

Answer 13

all the genes in a population

Question 14

adaptation vs. mutation

Answer 14

mutation is the change in DNA in one organism, adaptation is the observable change in the organism as a whole

Question 15

three types of natural selection

Answer 15

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

Question 16

what is sexual dismorphism?

Answer 16

when males and females have a distinct phenotype

Question 17

allopatric vs. sympatric speciation

Answer 17

allopatric: physical separation of species. sympatric: no physical separation

Question 18

sexual selection

Answer 18

organisms with this specific trait obtain more mates

Question 19

example of stasis

Answer 19

coelacanth

Question 20

three major eras of the geologic time scale

Answer 20

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

Question 21

age of invertebrates

Answer 21

paleozoic

Question 22

age of reptiles

Answer 22

mesozoic

Question 23

age of mammals

Answer 23

cenozoic

Question 24

the cambrian explosion

Answer 24

the appearance of many multicellular life forms. begins the paleozoic period

Question 25

the great dying

Answer 25

75-90% of all organisms said to have died

Question 26

the k/t boundary

Answer 26

asteroid impact that led to the destruction of dinosaurs, ends the mesozoic era

Question 27

what did miller's experiment show?

Answer 27

amino acids could be formed from lightning which could then become proteins

Question 28

two other ways life could have evolved

Answer 28

hydrothermal vents, delivery from space

Question 29

what are primates?

Answer 29

small group of animals which include monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees

Question 30

what are hominids?

Answer 30

primates evolve into humanlike, bipedal species

Question 31

how are humans classified in the animal kingdom?

Answer 31

as apes

Question 32

day 1

Answer 32

light, darkness

Question 33

day 2

Answer 33

sky, water

Question 34

day 3

Answer 34

land and plants

Question 35

day 4

Answer 35

sun, moon and stars

Question 36

day 5

Answer 36

birds, fish

Question 37

day 6

Answer 37

land animals, humans

Question 38

Ruin/Reconstruction Theory

Answer 38

God created the universe, earth, plants, animals, and non-soul bearing humans in Genesis 1:1. Millions of years later, God destroys the original creation (v. 2) when Lucifer falls.

Question 39

Passive Gap Theory

Answer 39

God creates the universe and earth in verse 1. | There is a long gap of time between verses 1:2 and 1:3, but no ruin of original creation.

Question 40

Achondroplasia

Answer 40

example of an autosomal dominant inheritance disease. The mutation interferes with formation of the embryonic skeleton. The disorder is characterized by short limbs and height below 4.5 ft.

Question 41

Huntington’s disease

Answer 41

example of an autosomal dominant inheritance disease.

Question 42

Progeria syndrome

Answer 42

autosomal inheritance. a condition where a mutant gene on an autosome causes a person to age many times faster than they should.

Question 43

An autosomal recessive trait is only expressed

Answer 43

if the offspring is homozygous for the recessive allele.

Question 44

examples of autosomal recessive

Answer 44

tay-sachs, albinism

Question 45

In X-linked inheritance, heterozygous males

Answer 45

are affected while heterozygous females are not.

Question 46

Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by

Answer 46

accidental deletion of a gene

Question 47

nondisjunction

Answer 47

one or more pairs of chromosomes don’t separate as they should during meiosis.

Question 48

common nondisjunction disease

Answer 48

downs syndrome

Question 49

Genetic connections among individuals are displayed in charts called

Answer 49

pedigrees

Question 50

the first cells self-assembled themselves

Answer 50

3.5 billion years ago.

Question 51

early cells became more complex until they became

Answer 51

bacteria.

Question 52

early forms of life were _________ because they lacked oxygen

Answer 52

anerobic

Question 53

where in the cell does transcription occur?

Answer 53

nucleus

Question 54

this RNA molecule acts as a hard copy and is made inside the nucleus

Answer 54

RNA Polymerase

Question 55

what gets linked together to create a protein?

Answer 55

amino acids

Question 56

what sex chromosomes does a male have?

Answer 56

xy

Question 57

what sex chromosomes does a female have?

Answer 57

xx

Question 58

what is autosomal dominant inheritance?

Answer 58

"Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. "Dominant" means that a single copy of the disease-associated mutation is enough to cause the disease

Question 59

what might a codon code for if it does not code for an amino acid?

Answer 59

stop or start bases

Question 60

what did james ussher hypothesize?

Answer 60

the earth was created in 4004 BC by back-calculating through the genealogies

Question 61

autosomes vs. sex chromosomes

Answer 61

autosomes, non sex chromosomes

Question 62

what is the genetic code?

Answer 62

the set of rules by which info is encoded into genetic material and translated into proteins by living cells

Question 63

how many amino acids in living organisms

Answer 63

20

Question 64

transcription occurs in the ______ and translation occurs in the _________

Answer 64

nucleus, citoplasm

Question 65

point of transcription

Answer 65

copy info in DNA into RNA

Question 66

point of translation

Answer 66

decode the RNA into a protein

Question 67

what does a ribosome do?

Answer 67

creates proteins by linking amino acids together

Question 68

three types of RNA

Answer 68

messenger, transfer and ribosomal

Question 69

characteristics of RNA

Answer 69

a single (not double) strand of nucleic acids, using uracil and not thymine

Question 70

Tetrapods

Answer 70

four legged, lunged vertebrates

Question 71

amniotes

Answer 71

first animals able to live independently from water. Amniotes are vertebrates in which the embryo develops surrounded by fluid enclosed by membranes inside the egg. Includes reptiles, birds and mammals.

Question 72

have milk glands, hair, and are warm blooded.

Answer 72

mammals