Exam 3 Flashcards by Dusti Bridges

What is the defining characteristic of E woodlands

deciduous trees

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onset of the holocene marked the ecological shift to

modern plant and animal communities

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joseph caldwell

primary forest efficiency

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diverse economies due to efficient exploitation if diverse deciduous forest foods and natural resources

primary forest efficiency

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diverse forest resources allowed archaic people to create

economic surplus and become more sedentary

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“unilineal evolution,” caldwell assumes that hunter-gatherers

evolve toward social complexity

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ecological approaches 1960s

optimal foraging theory

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OFT- archaic hunter-gatherers began as

simple egalitarian societies

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OFT as pop density increased, mobility becomes restricted, forcing people to

exploit smaller territories

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OFT- which then necessitated

more intensive and specialized exploitation of more limited sets or more narrow spectrum of food and material sources

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earliest archaic pattern?
central mississippian valleys and tributaries
variations on the same dart point style

Dalton tradition (8500-8000 bc)

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used adzes, among the first woodworking tools in the americas, adapted to rivers and bottomlands-fishing, cemeteries and caches of dart points

Dalton tradition

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deeply stratified archaic campsite, illinois bottomlands, 8000 bc- ad 1200

Koster site

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Horizon 11 at the koster site, 7500 bc

cooking facility, dart points, charred hickory nuts and grinding stone

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burials at the koster site

early archaic flexed burials, Atlatl “totem”, dog burials, grooved axes

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late archaic shell midden and cemetery 3000-2000 bc, green river culture

Indian Knoll

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found at Indian knoll:

objects with holes bored in them, shell midden, atlatl counter weights, antler hooks

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intensive, semi-sedentary riverine adaption,
fairly egalitarian, some status ascribed,
some burials with exotic goods,
some burials with trauma

green river culture

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found on the coast from south carolina to florida, 3000-1000 bc Late Archaic,
1-4 m in height
50-250 m in diameter
represent development of more complex social arrangements

Late archaic shell rings

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ideas of what the shell rings could be

feasting ritual monuments?

Domestic villages with houses on rings?

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oldest pottery in N America, south atlantic coast, 2500-1200 bc, some are textured and decorated

spanish moss tempered ware

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indigenous cultigens of north america

by 2500bc

marsh elder, sunflower, goosefoot, squash gourd

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indigenous cultigens of eastern north america, weedy camp followers lead to cultivated crops, horticulture/gardening, supplement hunter-gathering

eastern agricultural complex

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characteristics of late archaic-terminal archaic 2500-1000 bc

first production and use of pottery
first horticulture
elaboration of mound centered rituals
local and regional networks, social and economic

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1700-700 bc, six concentric ridges, five mounds within and outside ridges, one very large mound, around an extremely large plaza

poverty point

mound A at poverty point

built all at once, 2nd largest to monks mound, | evidence shows it was not a burial mound, probably a monument itself

all lithics from poverty point came from

Arkansas, the Ozarks

the was a --- and --- industry at poverty point

bead making and lapidary

pieces of fired clay shaped in different ways, , substitute for rocks, would hold heat, used in cooking

poverty point objects

poverty point had the first

complex lower mississippi valley culture

would could be antecedents to poverty point

lower jackson mound, watson brake

NE Louisiana, middle archaic, 3500 bc, series of mounds around an open plaza, riverine adaptation

watson brake

there is occuptational debris at watson brake on the

mounds, but little in the plaza

there is a 1000 year gap

in louisiana, no mounds in lower mississippi valley

woodland period

1000 bc- ad 1000

woodland period economy

locally intensified foraging strategies increasingly supplemented by horticulture

describe the pottery of the woodland period

grit tempered, cord marked, conical bases, increasingly sophisticated and multi-purpose

woodland cultures- mortuary

elaborate mortuary ritual with large cemeteries and burial mounds

largest adena mound complex found by squier and davis

wolf plains group

some 70-80 feet high, built over a long time with burials and layers of earth added at intervals

adena mounds

graves creek mound miamisburg mound williamsburg mound

adena mounds

adena settlement

small hamlets and villages 30-50 people. scattered along rivers and tributaries

adena mortuary ritual, after 500 bc

burial mounds increase in ritual significance

variety and complexity of grave goods indicate a developing

stratified society

burial mounds typically covered

burial log structures, charnal houses?

highly stylized human and bird figures, bilateral symmetry totemic designs, perhaps clan emblems

adena engravings

religious beliefs and rituals of the adena reflected by

increasingly elaborate treatment of the dead

adena society was not one united society, but

numerous small scale interacting societies

artifact bearing transformative were the focus of

adena shamanistic societies

middle woodland period

ca 200 bc - ad 500

trade/exchange of exotic materials, standardized ritual objects, and shared ritual practices

hopewell interaction sphere

in ohio, 3 km of earthworks enclosing 130 acres and 40 mounds,

hopewell site

largest burial mound in NA, found cut pounded copper, mica figurines, copper antler plate

mound 25 hopewell

recorded by squier and davis, great mica grave, crematory basin

mound city, ohio

fagan: symbolic geography, circular with square offshoot. s

major geometric earthworks

traces of this, uplifted between major sites

great hopewell road

most "spectacular" hopewell earthworks, octagon as lunar observatory

newark earthworks

new evidence suggests that these are later, but they are attributed to adena and hopewell

effigy mounds

these were found at hopewell sites

exotic materials: ceramic figurines, gorgets, bifaces, effigy pipes, obsidian

these have feet, elaborate designs, held off the ground, | ceremonial vessels, consistent form and decoration

hopewell pottery

from mound city, bear canine effigy

mica sheet figurines

this metal was found as pendants, plates, etc

copper

here they found timber tombs and burial chambers, around 170 graves, ceremonial "big house"

edwin harness mound

hopewell clan house? kept sacred items and carried out ceremonies

brown's bottom

shamanistic transformation shown in these, through trance and vision

hopewell figurines

the hopewell interaction sphere wasn't just socially connected but

genetically

caddo confderacies

Kadohadacho | hasinai

mr moon high priest

xinesi

village leaders

caddi

enforcers

tammas

elders

canahas

environment of the caddo

piney woods with cutout prairies | hardwoods with nuts

caddo villages were

dispersed in hamlets, expected of farmers, platform mounds, beehive with thatch

middle woodland ad 100-200, related to hopewell, but not hopwell per se, boat stones, possibly a rattle, copper from lake superior

Jonas Short Mound

middle woodland, southwestern frontier, hopewell interaction sphere, represents the southwestern frontier of hopwell interaction sphere

coral snake mound

SW Arkansas ad 600-1100, "emerging caddo" red river and ouachita river drainage, black middens, large tombs with sacrifice burials, plaza of the skulls,

crenshaw site

"mother culture" of the caddo, recognized as a lack midden archaeologically, mass burials

fourche maline

WPA 1930s, and then UT, Mound A, C, found dozens of outlines for temple/residences, "ceremonial maze" shaft tomb,

George C Davis site

at the george c davis site, filled with selective colors of clay, intrusion, shaft tomb

mound C

at the george c davis site, platform mound, "inner precinct"

mound A

george c davis site dates

ad 800-1300

track the rise and fal of the george c davis site

ritual center, mounds renewed and rebuilt, community expanded, connected to parallel communities, abandoned orderly, intentionally buried mounds

example of middle caddo village

oak hill village 1200-1400

early caddo houses were---, middle caddo were---, late caddo villages had

rectangular, circular, "special building" presumably for caddi

this time of the caddo had distinct territories, allied social groups, bound by kinship, dialect, ritual, economy, intentionally smashed bowls,

late caddo

what stone did the caddo mine from the ouachita mtns near hot springs

novaculite

compared to other mississippian villages, the caddo were

less nucleated, dispersed settlements, no fortification

compared to other mississippian societies the caddo were

cohesive societies bound by language, kinship, and alliances, they quickly and effectively gathered people for aid

all major sites of the mississippian world were

on water, possibly for moving goods and people, a lot of them are fortified

miss site in southwest illinois, built on a high floddplain of the miss, contains monks mound

cahokia

believed that cahokia was the center of a theater state, a state directed towards drama and ritual

Julie Holt

this site had 120 earthen mounds over 6 sq miles, major center built quickly ca ad 1050-1150

cahokia

enormous mortuary structure, originally 3 mounds but then covered as one, lots of different burials, chunky stones,

mound 72

this took thousands of trees, possibly not purely defensive

log palisade at cahokia

giant posts in a circle, astronomical orientations

"woodhenge" at cahokia

cahokia experienced rapid decline by

1300

this miss site was most powerful after 1200

moundville

this site has the largest burial occupation in any site in north america, known for elaborate iconography

moundville

it is argued hat the layout of moundville reflects

social hierarchy

dates of etowah mounds

950-1400s

describe the layout of etowah mounds

high density settlement outside of the walls, nucleated, compacted, fortified

a node of ritual intensification within an existing religious system

cult

part of the miss ritual, found at etowah, social order was "ranked: and governed by "divine chiefs"

chiefly warfare

the leader at etowah was a

paramount chief

for the southeast ceremonial complex, elite status was publically validated through

ritual objects

caddo site in oklahoma, craig mound, heavily looted

spiro

dates of spiro

1400

what was one of the most used mediums of the southeastern ceremonial complex

lightning whelk

Mississippian cultures emerge

ad 900

mississippian climax in

1200-1400

mississippian culture lingers into

the 1600s

"people of the first light"

wampanoag, Tisquantum, met the pilgrims in 1620

describe the subsistence patterns of some of the groups living along the atlantic coast

split existence: essentially hunter-gatherer-fishers, but were practicing maize agriculture

"conditional sedentism"

when things were going well they could stay in a place longer

northeastern algonquian fishing technologies

used weirs, spears, canoes, hook and line to hunt in marine, estuaries, riverine, lakes/ponds, marshes

prep and preservation used by algonquians

boiling, steaming pits, drying racks, storage pits

these were found in boston, about 30 ft down, from 3000-1500 bc

boylston street fishweirs

related central algonquian language groups

anishanaabe

people of the longhouse

haudenosaunee

dates of the Owasco

ca 1000

what materials were preferred by the owasco

onondaga chert

iroquois pottery

collared, peaked, decorated around the rim

secret medicine society that revolved around healing

false face society

idea that the iroquois developed from the point peninsula to the Owasco and then into the 5 nations

classic in situ model, dean smith

cherokee and iroquois split language wise by--, which supports the ---- hypothesis

900 | migration

one of the most impactful expeditions in the us

de soto

earliest spanish and continuously occupied europeam established settlement in america,

St. Augustine

st augustine was founded near the center of the --- people

Timucua

the Timucua vanished by the early

1800s

charms against the evil eye found at st augustine

figas

In maine, established by the english and abandoned in 1608

ft st george

popham colony, competitor of jamestown, founded near the

kennebic river

the popham colony/ft st george was found using a map drawn by

john hunt

what was found on board the la belle

a french colony "kit"

18th century capital of spanish texas, some of the soldiers here were recruited out of jails in new spain

Los Adaes

at los adaes, part of a large cooking pit, four cow jaws,

house of the Curandera

the house of the curandera was a part of

Curanderismo, the art of folk healing

Exam 3 Flashcards

(137 cards)