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Embryology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Posterior cardinals do what?

A

Disappear

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2
Q

Distal portions of posterior cardinals plus anastomosis forms what?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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3
Q

Proximal right cardinal forms what?

A

Head of azygous

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4
Q

Subcardinal

A

Mesonephric kidneys
Left: renal, adrenal, and gonadal veins
Right: portion of IVC

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5
Q

Subcardinal anastomosis

A

Left: renal vein
Right: IVC and renal vein

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6
Q

Supracardinal veins

A

Right: proximal azygos
Left: hemiazygos

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7
Q

IVC

A

Hepatic segment- right vitelline vein/hepatic sinusoids
Right subcardinal
Right subsupracardinal anastomosis
Right supracardinal
Left and right posterior cardinal anastomosis

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8
Q

There are initially two umbilical veins; which one is retained later on?

A

The left umbilical vein

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9
Q

What are the six inflow paths to the sinus venosus?

A

Two common cardinal veins with an anterior/posterior side
Two umbilical veins left and right
Two vitelline veins left and right

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10
Q

How does a double superior vena cava happen?

A

The left anterior cardinal persists

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11
Q

How does a double inferior vena cava happen?

A

Left supracardinal persists

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12
Q

The afferent division of the nervous system has what?

A

Somatic sensory associated with touch, temperature, and pain
Visceral sensory associated with pain and pressure
Special sensory associated with smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance

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13
Q

The efferent division of the central nervous system has what?

A

Somatic motor associated with voluntary muscle

Autonomic motor associated with sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

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14
Q

Afferent neurons

A

PNS to CNS

Unipolar (bipolar)

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

CNS only

Multipolar

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16
Q

Efferent neurons

A

CNS to PNS multipolar

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17
Q

CNS Support cells

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Oligodendrocytes form what?

A

Myelin

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19
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated fibers

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20
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

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21
Q

PNS support cells

A

Satellite cells, Schwann cells ( form myelin)

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22
Q

PNS cell bodies

A

Ganglion

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23
Q

CNS cell bodies

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

CNS myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
PNS myelin sheath
Schwann cells
26
CNS axons
Tract
27
PNS axons
Nerve
28
Ascending pathways (tracts: sensory)
Dorsal column, spinothalamic
29
Dorsal column
Fine touch, pressure, vibration, two point discrimination, proprioception
30
Spinothalamic
Light touch, pain (fast), temperature
31
Descending pathways (tracts: motor)
Corticospinal pathway
32
Corticospinal pathway
Lateral tract, anterior tract
33
Neurulation primary
Neural ectoderm: plate, folds, groove, tube | CNS and PNS
34
Neurulation secondary
Caudal eminence: neural tube, somites, neural crest
35
Ectodermal placodes
Nasal, Otic, epipharyngeal
36
Neural crest
Sensory and motor ganglia, PNS glia (support cells), adrenal medulla
37
Paraxial mesoderm
Somitomeres, somites, sclerotome, dermomyotome
38
Glioblasts
Astroblasts (astrocytes), oligodendroblasts (oligodendrocytes)
39
Mesenchyme
Microglia
40
Neural tube main derivative layers
Ventricular layer, intermediate (mantle) layer, marginal layer
41
Ventricular layer
Ependymal cells
42
Intermediate (mantle) layer
Astrocytes, gray matter, alar plates - interneurons, basal plates
43
Marginal layer
Neuron axons - white matter - oligodendrocytes
44
Visceral (autonomic) (two neurons)
Parasympathetic Sympathetic Craniosacral
45
Parasympathetic nerves
Preganglionic are long and myelinated Postganglionic are Short and unmyelinated
46
Sympathetic nerves
Preganglionic are Short and myelinated Postganglionic are Long and unmyelinated
47
Somatic (one neuron) innervation
``` Spinal nerves Cranial nerves (CN), 3,4,6,12 ```
48
Craniosacral cranial nerves
``` Cranial nerves (CN), 3 oculomotor 7 facial 9 glossopharyngeal 10 vagus ```
49
Sacral nerves
S2-S4
50
Postganglionic fibers secrete
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
51
Sympathetic thoracolumbar spinal nerves
T1-L2
52
Spinal neural crest cells
``` Dorsal root ganglia -somatic/visceral afferent PNS autonomic ganglia Schwann/satellite cells Pigment cells(melanocytes) Meninges (pia and arachnoid) ```
53
Cranial neural crest cells
``` Heart conotruncal septum Schwann/satellite cells Pigmentcells-melanocytes Brain meninges (pia/arachnoid) Pharyngeal arch cartilages Bones of skull -viscerocranium (face) -dermocranium (anterior) ```
54
Spinal nerves
-motor Neural tube neuroepithelium -sensory Neural crest
55
Cranial nerves
-motor Neural tube neuroepithelium -sensory
56
Cartilage
Chondroblasts -cartilage forming cell | Chondrocytes -mature cartilage cell
57
Bone
Osteoblast-bone forming cell Osteocyte-mature bone cell Osteoclast-bone resorbing cell
58
Bone formation- ossification
-mesenchyme to cartilage to bone Endochondral -mesenchyme to bone Intramembranous
59
Sternum
Somatic mesoderm
60
Preotic myotomes
Somitomeres 1,2,3,5
61
Postproduction myotomes
Somitomeres 2-4
62
Dermocranium and chondrocranium cells
Anterior - neural crest Posterior - paraxial mesoderm
63
Diencephalon origin
Alar plate cells
64
Name the placodes for cranial nerves 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10
``` CN 1 - olfactory/nasal placode CN 5 - trigeminal placode CN 7 - geniculate placode CN 8 - otic placode CN 9 - petrosal placode CN 10 - nodose placode ```
65
List number name and function of the 12 cranial nerves
``` 1 olfactory, smell 2 optic, vision/sight 3 oculomotor, eye mvmnt 4 trochlear, eye mvmnt 5 trigeminal, face, mouth 6 abducens, eye mvmnt 7 facial, taste, facial expressions, tears 8 vestibulocochlear, hearing, balance 9 glossopharyngeal, taste, swallowing, pain/temperature, saliva gland 10 vagus, swallowing, heart rate, respiration, taste 11 accessory, neck muscles 12 hypoglossal, tongue muscle ```
66
List the CN and tracts of the pons
``` Sensory-lemniscal tract Motor-pyramids tract Transverse tract Face nerves 5,7 Taste,7 Eye mvmnt,6 Salivary glands,7 Mastication,5 Facial expression,7 ```
67
Which CN are GSA (general somatic afferent) and SVA (special visceral afferent) for taste?
GSA - CN SVA - CN 7 facial, 9 glossopharyngeal 10 vagus
67
List number, name, and brain region of origin for CN that use bipolar neurons for SSA special somatic afferent information
1 olfactory- telencephalon 2 optic- diencephalon 8 vestibulocochlear- metencephalon
68
List number, name, and function of four cranial nerves that use basal plate derived multipolar neurons for general somatic efferent GSE regulation of muscle
Trochlear 4 eye movemnt Abducens 6 eye mvmnt Accessory 11 neck muscle Hypoglossal 12 tongue muscle
68
List number, name of mixed function or pharyngeal arch nerves
5 trigeminal 7 facial 9 glossopharyngeal 10 vagus
69
Which somitomeres do not form somites?
Cranial 1-7
70
The origin of the retina is where?
The optic cup
71
The eye lens originated from where?
The lens vesicle
72
The cornea originates from what?
Mesenchyme, neural crest cells, external corneal epithelium
73
What is diencephalons origin and its adult derivatives?
Origin: alar plate cells Epithalamus - pineal gland Thalamus Hypothalamus - pituitary gland
74
Describe the origin, structure, and functions of the pituitary gland.
It originates from stomadeum ectoderm including rathke's pouch It is an endocrine gland located at the base of the brain The posterior side releases oxytocin and ADH Anterior releases FSH, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, LH, GH
75
Fundamental differences in neuron organization between CNS and PNS
``` Collection of cell bodies CNS- nucleus PNS- ganglion Collection of axons CNS- tract PNS- nerve Myelin sheath CNS- oligodendrocytes PNS- schwann cells ```
76
Spinal meninges
The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord; dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (innermost) CSF located between arachnoid and pia mater " subarachnoid space "

Embryology (11 decks)

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