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Embryology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior cardinals do what?

A

Disappear

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2
Q

Distal portions of posterior cardinals plus anastomosis forms what?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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3
Q

Proximal right cardinal forms what?

A

Head of azygous

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4
Q

Subcardinal

A

Mesonephric kidneys
Left: renal, adrenal, and gonadal veins
Right: portion of IVC

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5
Q

Subcardinal anastomosis

A

Left: renal vein
Right: IVC and renal vein

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6
Q

Supracardinal veins

A

Right: proximal azygos
Left: hemiazygos

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7
Q

IVC

A

Hepatic segment- right vitelline vein/hepatic sinusoids
Right subcardinal
Right subsupracardinal anastomosis
Right supracardinal
Left and right posterior cardinal anastomosis

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8
Q

There are initially two umbilical veins; which one is retained later on?

A

The left umbilical vein

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9
Q

What are the six inflow paths to the sinus venosus?

A

Two common cardinal veins with an anterior/posterior side
Two umbilical veins left and right
Two vitelline veins left and right

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10
Q

How does a double superior vena cava happen?

A

The left anterior cardinal persists

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11
Q

How does a double inferior vena cava happen?

A

Left supracardinal persists

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12
Q

The afferent division of the nervous system has what?

A

Somatic sensory associated with touch, temperature, and pain
Visceral sensory associated with pain and pressure
Special sensory associated with smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance

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13
Q

The efferent division of the central nervous system has what?

A

Somatic motor associated with voluntary muscle

Autonomic motor associated with sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

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14
Q

Afferent neurons

A

PNS to CNS

Unipolar (bipolar)

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

CNS only

Multipolar

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16
Q

Efferent neurons

A

CNS to PNS multipolar

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17
Q

CNS Support cells

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Oligodendrocytes form what?

A

Myelin

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19
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated fibers

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20
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

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21
Q

PNS support cells

A

Satellite cells, Schwann cells ( form myelin)

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22
Q

PNS cell bodies

A

Ganglion

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23
Q

CNS cell bodies

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

CNS myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

PNS myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

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26
Q

CNS axons

A

Tract

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27
Q

PNS axons

A

Nerve

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28
Q

Ascending pathways (tracts: sensory)

A

Dorsal column, spinothalamic

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29
Q

Dorsal column

A

Fine touch, pressure, vibration, two point discrimination, proprioception

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30
Q

Spinothalamic

A

Light touch, pain (fast), temperature

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31
Q

Descending pathways (tracts: motor)

A

Corticospinal pathway

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32
Q

Corticospinal pathway

A

Lateral tract, anterior tract

33
Q

Neurulation primary

A

Neural ectoderm: plate, folds, groove, tube

CNS and PNS

34
Q

Neurulation secondary

A

Caudal eminence: neural tube, somites, neural crest

35
Q

Ectodermal placodes

A

Nasal, Otic, epipharyngeal

36
Q

Neural crest

A

Sensory and motor ganglia, PNS glia (support cells), adrenal medulla

37
Q

Paraxial mesoderm

A

Somitomeres, somites, sclerotome, dermomyotome

38
Q

Glioblasts

A

Astroblasts (astrocytes), oligodendroblasts (oligodendrocytes)

39
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Microglia

40
Q

Neural tube main derivative layers

A

Ventricular layer, intermediate (mantle) layer, marginal layer

41
Q

Ventricular layer

A

Ependymal cells

42
Q

Intermediate (mantle) layer

A

Astrocytes, gray matter, alar plates - interneurons, basal plates

43
Q

Marginal layer

A

Neuron axons

  • white matter
  • oligodendrocytes
44
Q

Visceral (autonomic) (two neurons)

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Craniosacral

45
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Preganglionic are
long and myelinated

Postganglionic are
Short and unmyelinated

46
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Preganglionic are
Short and myelinated

Postganglionic are
Long and unmyelinated

47
Q

Somatic (one neuron) innervation

A 
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves (CN), 3,4,6,12
48
Q

Craniosacral cranial nerves

A 
Cranial nerves (CN),
3 oculomotor
7 facial
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
49
Q

Sacral nerves

A

S2-S4

50
Q

Postganglionic fibers secrete

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

51
Q

Sympathetic thoracolumbar spinal nerves

A

T1-L2

52
Q

Spinal neural crest cells

A 
Dorsal root ganglia
-somatic/visceral afferent
PNS autonomic ganglia
Schwann/satellite cells
Pigment cells(melanocytes)
Meninges (pia and arachnoid)
53
Q

Cranial neural crest cells

A 
Heart conotruncal septum
Schwann/satellite cells
Pigmentcells-melanocytes
Brain meninges (pia/arachnoid)
Pharyngeal arch cartilages
Bones of skull
-viscerocranium (face)
-dermocranium (anterior)
54
Q

Spinal nerves

A

-motor
Neural tube neuroepithelium

-sensory
Neural crest

55
Q

Cranial nerves

A

-motor
Neural tube neuroepithelium

-sensory

56
Q

Cartilage

A

Chondroblasts -cartilage forming cell

Chondrocytes -mature cartilage cell

57
Q

Bone

A

Osteoblast-bone forming cell
Osteocyte-mature bone cell
Osteoclast-bone resorbing cell

58
Q

Bone formation- ossification

A

-mesenchyme to cartilage to bone
Endochondral
-mesenchyme to bone
Intramembranous

59
Q

Sternum

A

Somatic mesoderm

60
Q

Preotic myotomes

A

Somitomeres 1,2,3,5

61
Q

Postproduction myotomes

A

Somitomeres 2-4

62
Q

Dermocranium and chondrocranium cells

A

Anterior - neural crest

Posterior - paraxial mesoderm

63
Q

Diencephalon origin

A

Alar plate cells

64
Q

Name the placodes for cranial nerves 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10

A 
CN 1 - olfactory/nasal placode
CN 5 - trigeminal placode
CN 7 - geniculate placode
CN 8 - otic placode
CN 9 - petrosal placode 
CN 10 - nodose placode
65
Q

List number name and function of the 12 cranial nerves

A 
1 olfactory, smell
2 optic, vision/sight
3 oculomotor, eye mvmnt
4 trochlear, eye mvmnt
5 trigeminal, face, mouth
6 abducens, eye mvmnt
7 facial, taste, facial expressions, tears
8 vestibulocochlear, hearing, balance
9 glossopharyngeal, taste, swallowing, pain/temperature, saliva gland
10 vagus, swallowing, heart rate, respiration, taste
11 accessory, neck muscles
12 hypoglossal, tongue muscle
66
Q

List the CN and tracts of the pons

A 
Sensory-lemniscal tract
Motor-pyramids tract
Transverse tract
Face nerves 5,7
Taste,7     Eye mvmnt,6
Salivary glands,7
Mastication,5      
Facial expression,7
67
Q

Which CN are GSA (general somatic afferent) and SVA (special visceral afferent) for taste?

A

GSA - CN
SVA - CN 7 facial,
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus

67
Q

List number, name, and brain region of origin for CN that use bipolar neurons for SSA special somatic afferent information

A

1 olfactory- telencephalon
2 optic- diencephalon

8 vestibulocochlear- metencephalon

68
Q

List number, name, and function of four cranial nerves that use basal plate derived multipolar neurons for general somatic efferent GSE regulation of muscle

A

Trochlear 4 eye movemnt
Abducens 6 eye mvmnt
Accessory 11 neck muscle
Hypoglossal 12 tongue muscle

68
Q

List number, name of mixed function or pharyngeal arch nerves

A

5 trigeminal
7 facial
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus

69
Q

Which somitomeres do not form somites?

A

Cranial 1-7

70
Q

The origin of the retina is where?

A

The optic cup

71
Q

The eye lens originated from where?

A

The lens vesicle

72
Q

The cornea originates from what?

A

Mesenchyme, neural crest cells, external corneal epithelium

73
Q

What is diencephalons origin and its adult derivatives?

A

Origin: alar plate cells

Epithalamus - pineal gland
Thalamus
Hypothalamus - pituitary gland

74
Q

Describe the origin, structure, and functions of the pituitary gland.

A

It originates from stomadeum ectoderm including rathke’s pouch

It is an endocrine gland located at the base of the brain
The posterior side releases oxytocin and ADH
Anterior releases FSH, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, LH, GH

75
Q

Fundamental differences in neuron organization between CNS and PNS

A 
Collection of cell bodies 
CNS- nucleus
PNS- ganglion
Collection of axons
CNS- tract 
PNS- nerve
Myelin sheath 
CNS- oligodendrocytes 
PNS- schwann cells
76
Q

Spinal meninges

A

The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord; dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (innermost)
CSF located between arachnoid and pia mater “ subarachnoid space “

Embryology (11 decks)

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