exam 3

Question 1

• Tier 1: entry level practice - BSN
• Tier 2: management and supervisory experience, specialists, level practitioners – BSN with 5-10 years of experience or MSN
• Tier 3: senior managers and leaders; work with multi-systems; director of entire PH department - DNP

Answer 1

levels of nursing in PH

Question 2

• Undocumented men, women, and kids: migrate from country to find work in rural areas
• Kids and youth
• Populations with high rates of violence
• Frail elders who experience multiple organ failure and frequent prehospitalization
• Kids in foster care
• People with specific health issues: depression, schizo, substance abuse, HIV/AIDS
• Rural populations
• Prison inmates
• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBT
• homeless

Answer 2

vulnerable populations

Question 3

• Sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, & gender
• Lacking sufficient ability to advance health and wellness, along with a greater need to look to others for solutions/help

Answer 3

what makes a population vulnerable

Question 4

• Lack of access, racism, sexism, homophobia, and fear what they don’t know or understand
• Rural populations: elderly people, health personnel issues, morbidity & mortality issues, occupation & environmental health problems (farming)

Answer 4

undeserved individuals at higher risks of health problems

Question 5

• Have all unique needs and individual needs
• Different groups within a population
• 4 subgroups: gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender

Answer 5

subgroup of population definition

Question 6

•	Systematic, plausibly avoidable health differences adversely affecting socially disadvantaged groups
•	They may reflect social disadvantage, but causality need not be established
o	High risk moms
o	Chronically ill and disabled people
o	People living with HIV/AIDS
o	Mentally ill
o	Substance abusers
o	Homeless
o	Immigrants/refugees

Answer 6

health disparities and health equity described in healthy people 2020

Question 7

• Genomics and underserved populations  can identify people who are at a high risk for things
• Genetics can be a reason why certain people are predisposed to diseases

Answer 7

genomics related to vulnerable populations

Question 8

geographic area, population group or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals that may not allow a full complement of healthcare services
o Shortage of workers able to provide services or care

Answer 8

healthcare shortage

Question 9

area that is determined with a calculation of a ration of primary medical care physicians per 1000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of population with incomes less than poverty level and percentage of population age 65 or above
o Based on population and specifically the number of patients who are underserved. The specific amount of death, age and physicians in area

Answer 9

medically underserved area

Question 10

bacteria or viruses that can be harmful when coming in contact with
o Hepatitis, C-Diff, TB, Anthrax, needle sticks

Answer 10

biological hazards

Question 11

factory machines, electric and magnetic fields, radiation, noise, fires, falls, inadequate work conditions, trip on cords, spill on floor

Answer 11

physical hazards

Question 12

Which government organization has oversight of workplace safety?

Answer 12

OSHA

Question 13

• Injury preventions and health promotion
o Includes recognition of conditions that may harm individual worker or community
o Nursing process begins with an assessment of both workers and work place

Answer 13

role of nurse in occupational health

Question 14

knowledge, values, practices, customs & beliefs of a group

Answer 14

culture

Question 15

any nursing work in which the nurse and patient have different cultures

Answer 15

cross culture

Question 16

considering cultural aspects of health, illness, and treatment for each client or community as well as doing so at each stage of nursing process

Answer 16

cultural competence

Question 17

requires nurse to continually self evaluate and critique their own cultural assumptions and advocate for the clients by gathering info about clients traditions and how they have tried to cure themselves
o Ask open-ended questions about beliefs and practices of the client and family
o Ask about traditions
 What does the client think may have caused an illness, and how has the client already tried to address it

Answer 17

culture humility

Question 18

may not like everyone in their culture

o Like Jews, amish

Answer 18

transcultural bias

Question 19

assumption that others believe and behave as the dominant culture does or the belief that they dominate and their culture is superior to others

Answer 19

ethnocentrism

Question 20

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

Answer 20

culture diversity

Question 21

• An equitable sharing of both the common burdens and the common benefits or advantages in society holds that all individuals are entitled to equal protections from health hazards and equity
o Fixing polluted environments, better education from poor education
o Equal access to rights and opportunities

Answer 21

social justice

Question 22

• Ask questions, respectfully address individuals using titles unless told otherwise, learn more about their culture

Answer 22

nurse demonstrates cultural sensitivity

Question 23

• Time orientation, roles, religion, folk medicine, diet, verbal communication with or without eye contact, styles of communication

Answer 23

different cultural practices you observe in nursing

Question 24

• Preparedness: identify all hazards, analysis of vulnerability, assessment of risk, proactive planning, evaluate potential damage
• Mitigation: prevent identified risks from causing a disaster; more than preparedness, try to limit damage, disease, disability, and loss
• Response: stabilize & return to normal status; this is often the hardest part of the disaster
• Evaluation: learn from the past, prepare for the future, take recommendations for improving emergency response plans in the future

Answer 24

disaster planning phases

Question 25

* Natural: tornados, hurricanes, floods, wild fires * Human made: oil spills * Chemical: CO2, mustard gas * Nuclear: nuclear blast

Answer 25

different types of disasters

Question 26

* Preparedness: help initiate or update the agency`s disaster plan, provide educational programs & materials regarding disasters specific to the area, organize disaster drills, provide an updated record of vulnerable population with the community, review individual strategies * Response: teach proper hygiene & male sure immunization records are current, make referrals to mental health professionals, be alert for environmental hazards , assess dangers of live or dead animals, case finding & referral

Answer 26

nurses role in community disaster

Question 27

Study of the distribution and determinants of states of health & illness in human populations o Used both as: o A research methodology for studying states of health and illness o A body of knowledge that results from the study of specific states of health or illness

Answer 27

epidemiology

Question 28

constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area

Answer 28

endemic

Question 29

significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time or population; an increase incidence beyond that which is expected

Answer 29

epidemic

Question 30

o A more encompassing model o Not used as often as the Epidemiological triangle o Contains a hub with the host at its center o Surrounding the host is the total environment divided into the biological, physical, and social environments

Answer 30

wheel of causation

Question 31

o Represents the complex group of subjects and relationships that can contribute to the occurrence and spread of a disease o Rita’s favorite

Answer 31

web of causation

Question 32

The primary measurement used to describe the occurrence (quantity) of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period

Answer 32

RATE

Question 33

• Airborne: infected with microorganisms transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei o TB, bacterial spores • Droplet: tiny droplets caused by coughing and sneezing o Influenza • Contact • Communicable disease: has to have entry and exit

Answer 33

modes of transmission of communicable disease

Question 34

• Primary: prevent o Immunizations, mammograms, health education, car seat safety checks • Secondary: strategies set in place at early time and active chronic stages of disease/injury o Diabetes health education, COPD diagnosed early stage, screenings • Tertiary: maintain quality of life o Diabetes with end stage renal disease, quality for hospice, end stage COPD

Answer 34

levels of prevention

Question 35

o Heal people and have absence of disease | o Elimination of disease or symptoms

Answer 35

clinical model from smiths

Question 36

o As long as you do your job, you have good health o Good health is being able to go to work/do job  Farmers, Hispanic populations o Health that involves a match between people and social roles. Example a person would only see themselves as unhealthy if they could not fulfill their roles in life

Answer 36

role performance model from smiths

Question 37

o Adapt to level of what you can do with illness o Health that involves adaptation to the environment. Some people consider health to be determined by their ability to adapt in the face of adversity of disease

Answer 37

adaptive model from smiths

Question 38

o WHO: mind body and spirit – strives for Eudaimonistic model o Health that is the actualization or realization of human potential. People would consider themselves to be healthy only if they are functioning not only physically but also emotionally and socially.

Answer 38

eudaimonistic model from smiths

Question 39

consists of an external agent, a host and an environment in which host and agent are brought together, causing the disease to occur in the host o Agent: infectious agent o Host: portals of entry and exit o Environment: reservoir

Answer 39

triad

Question 40

o Published an analysis of mortality data o First publication to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence and noting disparities between men and women

Answer 40

josh graunt and bills of mortality

Question 41

o Built upon Graunt’s work by systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics o Considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance o Developed many of the basic practices used today in vital statistics and disease classification

Answer 41

William farr and registrar general

Question 42

o Anesthesiologist conducted a series of investigations in London o Father of field of Epidemiology o Conducted studies of cholera outbreaks to discover the cause of disease and to prevent its recurrence

Answer 42

john snow and broad street pump

Question 43

o Created a plan for reform for the health of the British Army o Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army (1958) o Monitoring of disease mortality rates showed that with improved sanitary methods in hospitals death rates decreased

Answer 43

Florence nightingale | nurse and epidemiologist

Question 44

• Single parent, divorced, different religious views, nontraditional families, lesbian/gay couples

Answer 44

form a diversity in a family