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BIO 204 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

plant taxonomy

A

rules used to put plants into categories

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2
Q

exact starting date

A

May 1, 1753

based on book published that day (“Plantarum”)

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3
Q

plants characterized by

A

number of stamen and carpel

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4
Q

how did botany explode

A

every ship had naturalist that would record new plants across world

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5
Q

levels of Linean system

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genera/genus
species
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6
Q

characteristics of fungi

A

have cell walls (made of cellulose or chitin)
somewhat related to plants, mostly considered animal though
artificial group (many evolutionary lines that converge)
ubiquitous (found everywhere)
heterotrophic (saprophytic) (live off dead matter but not parasitic)
all made of tubes (hyphae)
reproduction by spores

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7
Q

3 that differentiate fungi from each other

A

kind of tube (hyphae)
what cell walls made of
how they reproduce

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8
Q

septate hyphae

A

half walls in tube

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9
Q

non-septate/coenocytic hyphae

A

no walls in tube

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10
Q

P-chytridiomycota

A

major slayers of amphibians (whole species would disappear)
unicellular, parasitic, and aquatic
spread from affected ponds to unaffected ponds by botanists studying them

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11
Q

P-zygomycota

A

bread molds (black dots)
very simple creatures
capable of reproducing itself
spores=haploid
sporangium (contains spores), sporangiophore (stalk), rhizoids
when sporangium hit with light energy spores shot off, cow eats, poops out and spores spread to new area

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12
Q

P-ascomycota

A

sac fungi
ascus, perithecium, cleistothecium
truffles, morels, yeast, dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, and ergot

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13
Q

ascus

A

long skinny ascomycota with alternating +/- cells

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14
Q

perithecium

A

circular in shape with cells lining edge of inside with small hole at top

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15
Q

cleistothecium

A

circular in shape with cells lining edge of inside (same as perithecium but completely close–no hole)

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16
Q

truffles

A

hunted by trained pigs
they emit pheromones identical to pig pheromones
pig eats and spreads spores after eating and digesting and excreting

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17
Q

morels

A

look like brain on a stick

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18
Q

yeast

A

single celled
usually reproduce by buds
makes bread rise by trapping CO2 bubbles in gluten

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19
Q

dutch elm disease

A

caused by ascomycota brought in by pollen on elm trees

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20
Q

chestnut blight

A

trees in china immune but carry it
US trees not immune
US trees adapted so 99% american but with immunity of asian trees

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21
Q

ergot

A

fungus that attacks grains (especially rye)
invade grain and turn it into factory that produces spores
leads to ergotism (fingers and toes feel like burning bc they contain vasoconstrictors)
also produces LSD which can lead to hallucinations

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22
Q

basidiomycota

A

club fungus

hymenomycetes, gastromycetes, tellomycetes, deuteromycetes

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23
Q

hymenomycetes

A

edible, everyday mushrooms

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24
Q

gastromycetes

A 
spores inside basidiocarp
puff balls (spores spread when smooshed--shot out through hole)
flies attracted bc smell (land and get foot stuck. when try to leave they take chunk and spread spores)
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25
tellomycetes
use somebody else's parts to reproduce | smuts and rusts
26
smuts
``` autoecious has 1 host corn smut (fungus takes over corn chambers) ```
27
rusts
heteroecious 2+ hosts ex: wheat and barberry
28
deuteromycetes
fungi imperfecti (no sexual rep.--spores produced asexually) put in own catergory bc can't reproduce together basidiomycota, zygomycota, and ascomycota that have lost sexual abilities
29
deuteromycetes functions
help in cheese process, antibiotics, soy products production, ring worm (human and animal), athletes foot, and jock itch
30
lichens
combo of fungi and protista mutualistic organisms fungi: great at absorbing water and minerals usually found in harsh envirionments sensitive to pollution (if found you know air is healthy) classified based on shapes (fruticose, foliose,crustose)
31
K-protista
myxomycota oomycota algae (chrysophyta, chlorophyta, euglenophyta, phaeophyta, pyrrophyta, and rhodophyta)
32
myxomycota
slime molds capable of movement have projections that go out and pick up bacteria after a couple of days see gray dust (spores) couple days after that see nothing
33
oomycota
egg fungi/water molds swim to substrate (dead fly), grow on that (see white hyphae) french wine grapes and peruvian potatoes experienced growing problems bc of this
34
algae
included under number of phyla photosynthetic, aquatic, simple bodied (thallus), found everywhere ecologically important (form base of pyramid in aquatic ecostystem) important globally for O2 production (around 50% comes from algae)
35
ways to differentiate algae
1. cell walls (have/don't have and what they're made of) 2. types of photosynthetic pigment 3. storage product 4. how they move
36
phylum of algae
``` euglenophyta pyrrhophyta chrysophyta phaeophyta rhodophyta chlorophyta ```
37
euglenophyta
in between creature--more like animal but photosynthetic like plant flagella no cell wall, instead have pellicle (flexible) chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids storage product= paramylon have no sexual cycles (binary fission)
38
pyrrhophyta
dinoflagellates bioluminescent have 2 flagella (one wraps around, other long--work against each other making it have spinning movement) chlorophyll A, C and fucoxanthin storage=oils armor cellulose plates sometimes taken into coral/sponge as temp. mutualistic environment
39
zooxanthellae
single-celled dinoflagellates that are able to live in symbiosis with marine invertebrates
40
red tide
caused by poisons produced by dinoflagellates in high temperature poison taken in by shellfish can also be airborn
41
chrysophyta
diatoms, all unicellular silica cell walls (fit over each other like petri dish) don't usually reproduce sexually (instead 2 halves split apart and make new creature, but every 6-8 weeks sexual cycle to kick back to usual size) chlorophyll A, C, and carotenoids (including fucoxanthins) storage=oils
42
diatomaceous earth
full of diatoms | made by silica so don't breakdown
43
phaeophyta
``` brown algae (common name= kelp) multicellular cold water marine creatures cell walls made of cellulose w/ specialized matrix (algin) chlorophyll a, c, and fucoxanthins storage= laminarin blade has air chambers to keep afloat tissue along stipe that acts as phloem ```
44
rhodophyta
red algae no movement found in warm water, marine, and tropical reefs cell walls= cellulose (calcium carbonate in coral reefs) chlorphyll a, carotenoids, phycobulins storage=floridean starch
45
chlorophyta
``` green algae freshwater cell walls=cellulose chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids storage=starch same movement as brown algae ```
46
2 evolutionary lines
1. filamentous: goes to green plants | 2. colonial: goes nowhere
47
oogamy
type of life cycle with nonmodal (stationary) egg and modal sperm that swims to it
48
alternation of generations
gametophyte (n) --> gametes (egg and sperm) --> sporophyte (2n) --> spores (n) --> gametophyte (n) spores produced by meiosis
49
bryophytes
``` group directly derived from filamentous green algae differences between fil. green algae & mosses: 1. production of cuticle 2. stomata produced terrestrial hepatophyta/hepaticophyta/liverworts anthocerophyta/hornworts bryophyta/mosses ```
50
K-plantae (seedless vascular plants)
psilophyta lycophyta sphenophyta/equisetophyta pterophyta
51
hepatophyta/ hepaticophyta
liverwarts/liver plants lobe like with rhizoids to anchor it and a gemmae cup on top surface found on banks of river/stream thallus: plant with undifferentiated stem and leaf water falls into cup and sends gemmae flying
52
anthocerophyta
hornworts | twists open to release spores
53
bryophyta
mosses
54
seedless vascular plants
``` involves tubing (xylem and phloem) dominance switched (sporophyte now dominant) ```
55
function of xylem and phloem
provide mechanical support--allows plants to be really big
56
what is required for reproduction
water so sperm can swim to egg | ex: mosses on shady side of tree where there is water
57
psilophyta
whisk ferns
58
lycophyta
have club/cone/strobilus | lycopodium and sellaginella
59
lycopodium
club mosses (homoecious)
60
sellaginalla
spike mosses (heteroecious)
61
sphenophyta/equisophyta
horse tails
62
pterophyta
ferns | very diverse
63
angiosperm
hardwood | seed inside container (fruit)
64
gymnosperm
soft wood seed with no container (naked seed) pollination replaces fertilization by swimming sperm which means they can grow anywhere
65
coniferophyta
cone bearing (pines, spruces) with needles softwood (not as dense) have long tracheids better adapted to cold and dry conditions (even in winter doing some photosynthesis to produce metabolic heat) male at bottom, female at top (pollen has to move sideways)
66
Ginkgophyta
dioecious | seed has covering that gets stinky as it ferments
67
gnetophyta
link between gymnosperms and angiosperms
68
filamentous green algae
starch storage, chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids, cellulose cell walls, nonmodal egg and swimming sperm (oogamy), alternation of generations, gametopyte is dominant
69
gymnosperm differences (seed plants)
production of seeds (embryo surrounded by nutrients surrounded by seed coat) pollination (by wind)
70
angiosperm differences (seed plants)
container around seed (fruit)-- protection and dispersal production of flowers (animal fertilization and double fertilization) improved xylem and phloem
71
K-Plantae (gymnosperms)
coniferophyta cycadophyta ginkgophyta gnetophyta
72
K-Plantae (angiosperms)
P-anthophyta/magnoliophyta
73
P-anthophyta/magnoliophyta
Class-Monocotyledonae/Liliopsida (65,000 species) Class-Dicotyledonae/Magnoliopsida (170,000 species) *natural groups
74
original angiosperm characteristics
small, woody, shrub like plants, simple leaves with entire margin, pinnately veined, many flowers on elongated axis, leaf-like stamens, pollen sacs running along edges (leaves modified to produce pollen), unsealed carpels, produced large amounts of endosperm
75
who proposed semi-modern view on dicots and monocots
Bessey | Cronquist and Takhtajan confirmed it
76
primitive characteristics
``` elongated floral axis parts spirally arranged numerous separate flower parts complete and perfect regular symmetry hypogyny (ovary above and exposed) ```
77
advanced characteristics
``` everything compacted parts whorled (everything off same point) fewer and fused flower parts missing whorls and 1 sex irregular symmetry (landing platform) epigyny (ovary below) ```
78
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
79
plasmogamy
fusion of cell contents
80
fruticose
grass looking
81
foliose
lobed
82
crustose
specks/dots
83
homoecious
1 spore 1 gametophyte
84
heteroecious
2 spores 2 gametophytes
85
colonial line
gonium, pandorina, and volvox
86
gonium
8-16
87
pandorina
16-32
88
volvox
500
89
chlamydomonas
breast cancer looking cells around volvox | can move together
90
daughter colonies
cells inside volvox
91
filamentous green algae spirogyra
cells with spiral chloroplast and pyrenoid
92
pyrenoids
starch production | "beads on a string"
93
individual cells of volvox linked by
protoplasmic connections
94
conjugation tube
tube that connects supplying and receiving gametes | contents from supplying move across to receiving
95
supplying gamete
gamete that gives up contents
96
receiving gamete
gamete that receives contents from supplying gamete
97
zygospore of spirogyra
formed when contents of supplying move to receiving and come together with the egg to form a zygote

BIO 204 (4 decks)

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