Test 2 Flashcards

Question

dyoecious plant

Answer 1

2 separate plants 1 male plant and 1 female plant marijuana

Answer 2

flowers on the branches

Answer 3

act of moving pollen to receptive location

Answer 4

flower that can accept its own pollen

Answer 5

leads to more variety of genes plants have biochemical blocks (rejects its own pollen) if its own pollen lands on it, it won't grow

Answer 6

means by which pollen gets where it needs to go

Answer 7

animal | inanimate

Answer 8

insects birds bats

Answer 9

``` beetles bees butterflies moths flies ```

Answer 10

crawlers and chewers beetle pollinated flowers=large (southern magnolia) don't respond to color much beetles want nectar

Answer 11

beetle damage

Answer 12

``` crude insects (beetles) evolved with old flowers sophisticated insects (bees) evolved with sophisticated flowers ```

Answer 13

fly and land on flowers (landing platform) responsive to color (see contrast between light outside and dark inside--nectar guide) when bee lands on landing platform in pulls stamen down and hits them on head leaving pollen

Answer 14

as long as nectar holds out bees will continue to go back to same flowers

Answer 15

``` day fliers (land on edge of flower) ROY flowers stick tongue down to get nectar ```

Answer 16

``` night fliers (hover, don't land) bright white flowers, open at night, and tube like ```

Answer 17

like bad scents

Answer 18

hummingbirds like nectar from same flowers as butterflies (ROY) color attracts them because they can't smell

Answer 19

not technically blind but don't see well nocturnal white, large, open at night, with certain smell (fruity/overripe fruit) land in flower and eat nectar and pollen desert (cactus) and rainforests use bat pollination

Answer 20

wind | water

Answer 21

end up at correct place by mere chance flower has no smell or color (produces as much pollen as possible instead) typically imperfect reproduce by catkins (male flowers on wand hanging down with a few female flowers at end) --pine trees takes place before canopy is set occurs with trees growing in blocks (pollen travels next door)

Answer 22

ex: valisneria 1. female attached by root to part underwater and male floats up (not attached) 2. male and female come together for pollination 3. male floats off and female pulled under

Answer 23

petals all the same size

Answer 24

one bigger petal (landing platform)

Answer 25

ovary above | apples, pears

Answer 26

``` ovary sitting in open cup (not fused) above other parts pit fruits (peaches, plums) ```

Answer 27

ovary attached to cup below other parts hypanthium surrounds ovary

Answer 28

pollen sacs beginning cells make pollen diploid

Answer 29

1. pollen sacs (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis (now have 4n microspores) 2. 4 microspore divide mitotically to give 8n (pollen grains)

Answer 30

1. intine (inner): made of cellulose | 2. exine (outer): made of sporopollenin (very tough)

Answer 31

``` generative cell (splits and forms 2 sperm cells) tube cell (leads way down to ovary--drills down) ```

Answer 32

1. egg divides meiotically 2. 3 spores closest to gap abort (1 functional megaspore) 3. undergoes 3 mitoses (8 products) 4. 1 cell from each side moves to the middle (3 on each side and 2 in the middle) 5. separate tube and generative cells come down to ovary through pollen tube (tube cell aborts when it reaches ovary) 6. 2 sperm in generative cell (one joins egg to form embryo, other joins polar nuclei to give endosperm) 7. embryo surrounded by endosperm with thick seed coat (seed in fruit) all inside ovary (whole thing becomes fruit)

Answer 33

fleshy pericarp ovary wall fleshy and containing 1+ carpels and seeds simple blueberries, grapes, cranberries, tomato, peppers, etc

Answer 34

berry with ovary wall a hard rind simple watermelon, pumpkins, all melons separate male and female parts on same plant

Answer 35

berry with ovary wall a leathery rind simple oranges, lemons, limes (citrus)

Answer 36

only a portion of pericarp fleshy simple exocarp thin, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp stony, single seed and carpel avocado, plum, peach, apricot, nectarine, coconut, etc.

Answer 37

``` outer portion of pericarp fleshy inner portion papery floral tube fleshy several seeds and carpels apples, pears, pomegranetes ```

Answer 38

dehiscent and indehiscent

Answer 39

berry (pepo and hesperidium) drupe pome

Answer 40

``` *pops open at maturity* legume follicle capsule silique ```

Answer 41

``` *doesn't pop open at maturity* samara schizocarp caryopsis/grain nut achene ```

Answer 42

caryopsis/grain nut achene

Answer 43

composed of 1 carpel splits along 2 sutures edamame, green beans, peas, peanuts (indehiscent)

Answer 44

composed of 1 carpel | splits along 1 suture

Answer 45

composed of 2+ carpels dehiscing in 1 of 4 different ways opium poppies, okra

Answer 46

composed of 2 carpels | separate at maturity and leave a persistent partition wall

Answer 47

pericarp bearing winglike growth | leaves of maple tree (spin down when they fall)

Answer 48

pericarp doesn't bear winglike growth 2-many carpels united when immature split apart at maturity

Answer 49

one carpel if more doesn't split apart at maturity one seeded corn, rice (carbs)

Answer 50

seed not united to pericarp all around large fruit with thick stony wall walnut, pecan

Answer 51

seed not united to pericarp all around small fruit with thin wall sunflower seeds

Answer 52

fruits formed from several ovaries develop from 1 flower strawberries, blackberries, raspberries

Answer 53

fruits formed from several ovaries develop from many flowers pineapple, fig

Answer 54

changing characteristics to fit what we want in final product plant becomes reliable on humans for growth and have therefore lost fitness ex: corn (dependent on humans for reproduction)

Answer 55

ability to pass genes on to next generation

Answer 56

"The Origin of Cultivated Plants" | used historical linguistics to trace food lineage back to where they started

Answer 57

first medicine | comes from bark of tropical tree

Answer 58

rice, millet, soybeans, bamboo, tea

Answer 59

meat, barley, dates, cotton

Answer 60

wheat, barley, lentils, peas (english), olives, dates, grapes, flax (linen)

Answer 61

land becomes saltier the more it is used and irrigated (as water dries the salt is left behind) wheat very intolerant to salt wheat -> wheat and barley -> barley -> nothing

Answer 62

wheat, barley, lentils, english peas, olives, dates, grapes, flax (linen) (SAME AS MESOPOTAMIA) agriculture based on flooding of the Nile River

Answer 63

mango, citrus, tarro, coconut, banana

Answer 64

sorghum, okra, yams, black eyed peas, coffee | *brought into the US to feed slaves

Answer 65

corn, beans (various kinds), peanuts, cotton, peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, chocolate, pineapple, pumpkins, squash, avocado, potatoes, sunflower, manioc, rubber, vanilla

Answer 66

dormant plant

Answer 67

1. water absorbed and seed coat bursts (inhibitor compounds washed out) 2. oxygen: feeds mitochondria (very energy consuming activity) and aerates soil 3. temperature: cold temp. causes compound inhibitors to break down by freezing and thawing * 1, 2, & 3 ONLY THINGS NEEDED 4. light: some plants only germinate with light 5. fire: seeds will have no competition if fire has come through area (Jack Pines need this) 6. digestive enzymes: some seeds have to pass through digestive tract of animal so seed coat can break down

Answer 68

scar on seed

Answer 69

hole (break in integuments) | allows oxygen across seed coat

Answer 70

first out when seed coat bursts "hypocotyl hook" tough and pulls plumule up after

Answer 71

protective sheath around plumule

Answer 72

protective sheath around radicule

Answer 73

plumule grows up | radicule grows down

Answer 74

water molecules explode and turn embryos inside out

Answer 75

talks about pericarp and aleurone layer has vitamins and lipids provides fiber for a diet

Answer 76

embryo | contains a lot of lipids and oils

Answer 77

``` corn wheat rice potatoes sweet potatoes manioc ```

Answer 78

corn, wheat, rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, manioc, sugar cane, sugar beets, pinto beans, soy beans, barley, sorghum, coconut, banana *grown today on very large scale

Answer 79

1. 9 kcal of energy to get 1 kcal of food 2. soil erosion (every time field is plowed it is open to wind and other elements and erosion occurs 3. salinization

Answer 80

``` crop improvements new crops seed banks transgenic plants medicinal plants ethnobotany ```

Answer 81

* grow 14 more efficiently with more yield and higher nutrient content 1. hybrid corn 2. triticale 3. green revolution (not as efficient)

Answer 82

combines 2 pure strains of corn to get perfect hybrid more uniform and efficient crop (no genetic variation) problem: whole crop wiped out if disease strikes

Answer 83

triticum (wheat) and secale (rye) | can be grown in many more places than wheat but with lower yield

Answer 84

* especially new carb and protein sources 1. jojoba: SW america (plant that saved the whales) 2. guayule: latex found in stems 3. grain amaranths: brought back (produces protein)

Answer 85

save seeds of all known crops in world today 1 in each country (each focuses on their major crops and indigenous crops) backup in case of disease US: wheat and corn

Answer 86

take crop plant and add genes (by splicing) from some other source GMOs: genetically modified organisms (very controversial)

Answer 87

doctrine of signatures (universal idea) | Herbals: huge book with all ideas of doctrine

Answer 88

1. god is great/all knowing 2. people are stupid 3. god provided stupid humans with signatures about what plants are good/bad ex: lobed leaf for liver, walnuts=brain * not necessarily true

Answer 89

fusion of anthropology and botany ethnobotanist sits down with tribes to learn about their plants and medicines ex used today: curare, sangre de drago, una de gato

Answer 90

from someone studying poison of poison dart causes paralysis of muscles used in surgery

Answer 91

used to seal wounds (latex) | true antiseptic

Answer 92

"cat's claw" grows as a vine and climbs using claws on branches used for tea

Answer 93

CO2, H2O, minerals, light

Answer 94

macro and micro

Answer 95

needed in great amount C H O P K N S Ca [Fe] Mg (Si) Si recently added Fe moved to micro

Answer 96

needed in smaller amounts trace elements needed to catalyze reactions (can be reused over and over again) Fe now micro element

Answer 97

greatest need of any plant absorbed and lost in transpiration (leaves through open stomate) ions pumped in by ATP through root hairs and water follows soil needs to be well aerated so there is O2 present to be used by ATP to push ions across

Answer 98

H2O molecules cohere to each other (bc polar) molecules bonded to walls of tube (adhesion) (when 1 molecule leaves through stomate another is pulled up into its place--sun=driving force in pulling water molecules up)

Answer 99

xylem/phloem tubes run up plant sugar pumped in at top of phloem tube by ATP and water follows sugar pumped out at bottom of phloem tube by ATP (to be stored in root) and water follows high pressure at top of phloem tube low pressure at bottom of phloem tube

Answer 100

drink sugar water from phloem | can't stop drinking when full so sugar water comes out their back side

Answer 101

spicket drilled into XYLEM of sugar maple tree | sap rising up xylem and drawn off into bucket when it hits the spicket

Answer 102

``` often limiting factor for plant growth CAM plants (succulents): adapted for stomates to open at night --> less water stress and more CO2 enters and is stored (CO2 used for photosynthesis) ```

Answer 103

open and close effected by H2O availability and blue light

Answer 104

opens stomates starting at dawn | triggers release of K+ across membrane going inward and water follows

Answer 105

closes stomates | increased cell respiration and CO2 production

Answer 106

1. cell division (apical meristem actively dividing) 2. cell growth (elongation) 3. cell differentiation/specialization 4. production of hormones

Answer 107

produced at everyday plant parts no separate glands--no endocrine system sometimes inhibitory at 1 concentration and catalyze at another concentration

Answer 108

``` auxins cytokinins ethylene abscisic acid gibberellins ```

Answer 109

effects studied by Darwin 1. phototropism 2. cell differentiation 3. promotion of fruit growth 4. apical dominance 5. prevent abscission 6. weed control

Answer 110

indole acetic acid moves down xylem at some point it starts moving sideways to dark side which stimulates differential elongation on light side which turns everything to grow towards light

Answer 111

1. auxins in leaf primordia (auxins move down and make cells turn into vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)) 2. auxins in terminal bud (when bud bursts auxins are produced and ooze down short distance to make vascular cambium produce big vessel elements to carry more sugar water up 3. artificial auxins (promote root growth)

Answer 112

young fertilized ovule produces auxin which stimulates ovary to become fruit which protects seed spray unfertilized flower with auxins to produce seedless fruit

Answer 113

auxins keep lateral buds from producing competing branches has lesser effect farther you get from terminal bud if you cut off terminal bud all lateral buds will grow (why we prune shrubs)

Answer 114

auxins prevent abscission zone from forming apple orchards spray trees with auxins so apples don't fall on ground and instead stay until ready to be picked all at once

Answer 115

auxins delivered at toxic levels only targets dicots (doesn't effect grass) became big during Vietnam war (sprayed in forests to see enemies)

Answer 116

don't act alone--act with something else sometimes auxins (RATIO MATTERS) 1. promote cytokinesis (stimulate cell division) found in actively dividing areas of plants 2. promote lateral buds 3. prevent leaf senescence (leaf aging)--keep chlorophyll going longer

Answer 117

1. promotes fruit development 2. promotes abscission 3. promotes femaleness in cucurbits (squash) 4. promote stem thickening 5. aerenchyma tissue

Answer 118

tomatoes shipped green then gassed with ethylene to quickly ripen before putting out at store to sell if 1 tomato in box is overripe all others will ripen bc it will produce enough ethylene to ripen others as well

Answer 119

citrus growth--lightly spray grapefruit trees so some fall off premature and branch doesn't break (work against auxins)

Answer 120

cucurbits grow on monoecious vines early in season have all male flowers spray some male flowers with ethylene to turn them female and get fruit sooner

Answer 121

ethylene produced in stress response makes stem stronger to pull cotyledons above ground when covered in pebbles thicken trunk of pine tree on edge of cliff to protect from wind

Answer 122

oxygen stress --> ethylene formation --> formation of cellulase (breaks down cellulose--what cells are made of)

Answer 123

phototropism gravitropism/geotropism thigmotropism

Answer 124

roots grow down (positive geotropism) stem grows up (negative geotropism) statoliths involved in this

Answer 125

auxins attach to these they drop to the bottom and stimulate cells on bottom to elongate making them grow up (stems) don't know why roots grow down though

Answer 126

tendrils reach up and wrap around support structure | when back side touches cells elongate and wrap up around structure

Answer 127

``` used to detect if in light/not in light P(red) P(far red) red=inactive far red=active when it experiences red light it goes to far red (vice versa) red --> far red = day conversion far red --> red = night conversion 1. seed germination 2. etiolation 3. phototropism 4. photoperiodism ```

Answer 128

some seeds have to be in light to germinate (weed seeds) | why we cover weeds with mulch

Answer 129

taller and thinner than normal stems due to plant seeking light can undergo de-etiolation response to green up

Answer 130

flowering response use this to determine what time of year it is by amount of sunlight during day some plants on a flowering schedule (every 16 hours) 1. long day (summer) 2. short day (late fall, winter, early spring)

Answer 131

could possibly carry phytochrome to bud which triggers it to turn into a flower

Answer 132

let seeds sit out in winter they will freeze and thaw repeatedly which will give around 100% germination stratification scarification vernalization

Answer 133

in big pot put layers of sand then seed then sand then seed...

Answer 134

put seeds in giant tumbler to weaken seed coat/create scars which will promote germination

Answer 135

need for certain number of hours of cold for maximum bloom and fruit peaches need cold but can't withstand late freezes

Answer 136

24 hour cycles | plants reset themselves every 24 hours due to temperature and light

Answer 137

``` flower opening and closing auxin production mitosis root pressure discharge of fungal spores ```

Answer 138

schedule adapted to accommodate pollinators

Answer 139

schedule of when elongation events take place

Answer 140

different plants have different times of cell elongation

Answer 141

higher root pressure at dawn

Answer 142

dispersed early in morning so they catch a light breeze and travel a short distance

Answer 143

tropisms phytochrome temperature mediated response circadian rhythm

Answer 144

plant tranquilizer (inhibitor-works against other hormones) 1. promotes dormancy 2. promotes leaf and fruit abscission 3. transpiration

Answer 145

after winter ABA destroyed by all the freezes and thaws throughout season terminal bud and acorn

Answer 146

works against auxins and with ethylene

Answer 147

collection of water leads to collection of ABA which closes stomates and prevents transpiration

Answer 148

1st gibberellin isolated from fungus on rice plant that made them fall over 1. promote cell division and elongation 2. promote production of parthenocarpic fruits 3. promote seed and pollen germination

Answer 149

do job of cytokinins and auxins (dwarf mutants lacked production of gibberellins so spray to make stem grow) useful to stretch things out

Answer 150

promote production of seedless fruits | make seedless grapes and elongate them to make them bigger to sell

Answer 151

spotted yellow on leaves

Answer 152

spots of dead tissue

Answer 153

2, 4, or 5

Answer 154

fusion within whorl (petals fused to petals)

Answer 155

fusion between whorls (stamen fused to petal)

Test 2 Flashcards

(186 cards)