Exam 3 Flashcards
(46 cards)
What is blood made of (in your answer include the fluid, major cell types, and molecules)
.42 Red Blood Cells ---Lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophilis, eosinophils, basophils, HEMOGLOBIN .01 White Blood Cells .58 Plasma Volume ---Water ---Ions ---Organic molecules (amino acids, proteins, glucose, lipids, Nitrogeneous waste) ---Trace element/vitamins ---Gases (CO2, O2)
Describe the primary differences between blood, plasma and serum
Blood is composed of plasma and R/W Blood cells.
Serum is the liquid part of blood after coagulation–no clotting factors like fibrinogen
Plasma is the liquid, cell-free part of blood that has been treated with anti-coagulants.
Describe how we prevent stored whole blood from clotting
Chelators like EDTA or Citrate (Ca2+) are used to prevent clotting in the blood when it’s stored. Ca2+ is required for several steps of the coagulation cascade, by removing Ca2+ from the blood, coagulation is ceased.
Draw a diagram of the human heart and label its parts and major vessels
DIAGRAM
Vena Cava-rA-(tricuspid valve)-rV-(pulmonary valve)-Pulmonary Artery-lungs-Pulmonary Vein-lA-(mitral valve)-lV-(aortic valve)-Aorta
Provide a diagram that shows how blood flows through the heart
DIAGRAM
Vena Cava-rA-(tricuspid valve)-rV-(pulmonary valve)-Pulmonary Artery-lungs-Pulmonary Vein-lA-(mitral valve)-lV-(aortic valve)-Aorta
Provide a diagram showing the spread of electrical excitation in the human heart and the corresponding signal measured via an ECG
DIAGRAM
SA-Bachman’s bundle passes signal to left Atria, both r/l atrium contract together-
AV–signal received from SA node. slowly passes signal to ventricles. Signal passes down bundle of HIS and back up outer wall of both ventricles. V’s contract together from bottom up.
Describe what a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is and does
Bridge to transplant. The pump drains the left ventricle and pumps the blood into the aorta and out to the rest of the body. it aids by relieving the load and allowing the heart to heal.
Provide a diagram that compares blood pressure the velocity of blood flow and total area of the large arteries, arerioles, capillaries, venules and veins
DIAGRAM
tricolored graph
What are the three layers of tissue that make up a blood vessel and provide one characteristic that is different between an artery and a vein
- Endothelium
- Smooth Muscle
- Fibrous connective tissue
veins have less smoothe muscle. Veins have a larger mean diameter and a smaller mean wall thickness.
What is atherosclerosis? Describe on bioenineering approach for its treatment
Narrowing of an artery’s lumen as the result of material build up or wall thickening (stenosis) Angioplaty with drug eluting and bioresorbable stents. Stents are used to prevent restenosis
EKG wave
P-atrial depolarization (Q- R S)-Ventricular depolarization T-ventricular repolarization U
Define Excretion
Process by which products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism.
CO2, H2O, undigested materials
How does the major blood supply of the liver differ from that of the kidney?
The liver has 2 sources, Hepatic artery (oxygenated blood) and digestive tract( Hepatic Portal Vein deoxygenated but nutrient and enzyme rich).
Kidney has one source of blood.
What is the structural unit of the liver?
Describe its design
Liver lobule=filter blood
Blood enters at each corner of the hexagon edge (triad)
Blood mixes in sinusoids (capillaries of lobule) (endothelial fenestrations/ no basal lamina)
Drains flow from edge triad to the central vein
Blood is filtered by Hepatocytes (liver cells) and Kupffer Cells (special macrophages of the liver)
What is meant by the term biotransformation and how does it aid excretion of fat soluble compounds
Biotransformation is the chemical modifications made by an organism on a chemical compound (like nutrients, drugs, microbes, toxin.s)
Modifications are made to render molecules more safe or useable, or to facilitate removal/excretion
What is a Kupffer cell? Where are they located? What role do they play in excretion?
Kupffer cells are macrophages found in the liver. They filter blood in the sinusoids (capillaries). Phagocytizes pathogens or damaged red blood cells and platelets.
Describe the lymphatic system and its role in the body
Drainage system for allt organs/tissues
contains 3L lymph/ lymphocytes/waste products
Processed in Lymph nodes, GI tract, kidney and heart
Filtered blood is sent back to the GI tract via lymphatic vessels (bile ducts)
What is meant by 1st pass metabolism? Why is it important to the fields of pharmacology and drug delivery?
1st pass metabolism refers to Metabolism in the liver of substances (particularly drugs) after they are absorbed via the gastrointestinal track. d
We have to calculate how much drug is needed at the active site, and put enough into the capsule that the amount reaches the target area. Or a different delivery must be used to bypass the GI tract.
Describe 1 technique to engineer a replacement for a failed liver
Decellularizing the liver. Using weak soaps, salts and enzymes, all of the funcitonal parts of the liver are removed. The ECM is left. Blood is added to liver to use all of the formerly active and functioning ECM
Roles of the Liver
Produces -bile salts -albumin -antioxidants -clotting factors -complement factors Process Nutrients Biotransformation Filter Blood
What are the 4 functions of a kidney?
- Removal of Water soluble waste products and excess water
2 Removal of Urea - Respond to ADH and control amount of water in urine. Regulates the volume and composition of extracellular fluid, regulates blood pressure, regulates acid-base balance
- Production of erythropoietin (blood cell formation) and enzymes
Draw a diagram that shows how glomerular filter works. Label the principle pressures involved in the process
Diagram
Draw a diagram of the nephron and show where and how reabsorption occurs
Diagram
How are passive and active transport mechanisms used to reabsorb critical solutes back into the blood?
Passive reabsorption of water uses osmosis, and uses diffusion across concentration gradients
Active transport uses energy driven transport proteins.