Exam 3 Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
Vitamins yield no ____
A
Energy
2
Q
Basic functions of vitamins
A
Coenzymes
Hormones
Antioxidants
3
Q
Blood formation and clotting vitamins
A
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Folate
Vitamin K
4
Q
Protein and amino acid metabolism vitamins
A
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Choline (not a true vitamin)
Riboflavin (indirect)
5
Q
Antioxidant defense vitamins
A
Vitamin E
Vitamin C (likely)
Carotenoids
Riboflavin (indirect)
6
Q
Gene expression vitamins
A
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
7
Q
Bone health vitamins
A
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin C
8
Q
Energy metabolism vitamins
A
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Vitamin B12
9
Q
Supplementation can provide:
A
Extra energy
Protection from disease
Prolonged youth (popular belief)
10
Q
What vitamins are not really excreted?
A
Fat soluble vitamins (except vitamin K)
11
Q
What vitamins are lost from the body readily?
How are they excreted?
A
Water soluble vitamins (except B6 and B12)
Excreted via urine
12
Q
What vitamins can accumulate in the body
A
Fat-soluble vitamins (particularly A and D)
13
Q
What vitamins can cause toxicity
A
Some water-soluble vitamins
14
Q
Vitamin toxicity is most likely due to:
A
Supplementation
15
Q
What can decrease vitamin content?
A
Improper storage
Excessive cooking
Exposure to light, heat, air, water and alkalinity
16
Q
What destroys enzymes?
What does this do with vitamin degradation?
A
Blanching
Slows down vitamin degradation
17
Q
Why should we keep fruits and veggies cool?
A
Enzymes in food begin to degrade vitamins once the fruit of veggies are picked.
Chilling reduces this process
(Potatoes, tomatoes onions and bananas do not need to be refrigerated)
18
Q
Why refrigerate foods in moisture-proof, air-tight containers?
A
Nutrients keep best at temps near freezing, at high humidity and away from air
19
Q
Why trim/peel/cut fruits and veggies minimally? (Just enough to remove rotten/inedible parts)
A
O2 breaks down vitamins faster when more surface is exposed.
Outer leaves of lettuce and other greens have higher values of vitamins and mineral than the inner, tender leaves or stems.
Potato skins and apple skins are higher in vitamins and minerals than the inner parts
20
Q
Why microwave/steam/use a pan with small amounts of fat and a tight fitting lid to cook veggies?
A
More nutrients are retained when there is less contact w/ water and shorter cooking time.
Whenever possible, cook in their skins
21
Q
Why minimize reheating food?
A
Prolonged reheating reduces vitamin content
22
Q
Why should you not add fats to veggies during cooking if you plan to discard the liquid
A
Fat-soluble vitamins will be lost in discarded fat.
Add fats to veggies after they are fully cooked and drained
23
Q
Why should you not add baking soda to veggies to enhance green color?
A
Alkalinity destroys much thiamin and other vitamins
24
Q
Why store canned foods in a cool place?
A
These Cary in the amount of nutrients lost, largely bc of differences in storage time and temperatures.
To get max nutritive value from canned goods, serve any liquid packed w/ the food whenever possible
25
Because fat soluble vitamins are not readily excreted, they can cause:
Toxicity
26
Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along with
Fat
27
Fat mal-absorption may cause:
Deficiency
28
Fat-soluble vitamins are transported w/ ____ in ____
Fat
Lipoproteins
29
Function of vitamin A (____)
Retinoids
This is a hormone
Retinal: visual pigment
Retinol: immune system
Retinoate: cell growth and proliferation
30
Vitamin D function
This is a hormone
Blood calcium and phosphorus regulation
31
Vitamin E function
General antioxidant
Prevents breakdown of vitamin A and unsaturated FA
Coenzyme function, maybe?
32
Vitamin K function
Prosthetic group coenzyme
Carboxylation glutamate in blood and bone proteins
Blood clotting factors activated
Activation of proteins involved in bone metabolism
33
RDA/adequate intake of vitamin A
Females: 700 micrograms RAE
Males: 900 micrograms RAE
2300-3000 IU if as performed (vitamin A)
34
RDA/adequate intake of vitamin D
15 micrograms (600 IU)
35
RDA/adequate intake of vitamin E
15 milligrams alpha-tocopherol
22 IU natural form, 33 IU (synthetic form)
36
RDA/adequate intake for vitamin K
Females: 90 micrograms
Males: 120 micrograms
37
Dietary sources for vitamin A
Preformed vitamin A:
Liver
Fortified milk
Fortified breakfast cereals
Provitamin A:
Sweet potatoes
Spinach
Greens
Cantaloupe
Apricots
Broccoli
38
Dietary sources of vitamin D
Vitamin D fortified milk
Fortified breakfast cereals
Fish oils
Sardines
Salmon
39
Dietary sources of vitamin E
Plant oils
Products made from plant oils
Some greens
Some fruits
Nuts and seeds
Fortified breakfast cereals
40
Dietary sources of vitamin K
Green veggies
Liver
Some plant oils
Some calcium supplements
41
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin A
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Poor growth
Dry skin
42
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D
Rickets in children
Osteomalcia in adults
43
Vitamin E deficiency symptoms
Hemolysis of RBC
Nerve degeneration
44
Vitamin K deficiency symptoms
Hemorrhage fractures
45
Vitamin A toxicity symptoms
Fetal malformation
Hair loss
Skin changes
Bone pain
Fractures
Upper level is 3000 micrograms of preformed vitamin A (10,000 IU) based on the risk of birth defects and liver toxicity
46
Vitamin D toxicity symptoms
Growth retardation
Kidney damage
Calcium deposits in soft tissue
Upper level is 100 micrograms (4,000 IU) based on risk of elevated blood calcium
47
Vitamin E toxicity symptoms
Muscle weakness
Headaches
Nausea
Inhibition of vitamin K metabolism
Upper level is 1000 mg (1100 IUY synthetic forms, 1500 IU natural form)
Based on risk of hemorrhage
48
Toxicity symptoms of vitamin K
No upper level has been set.
49
Forms of vitamin A
Animals- preformed vitamin A or retinoids
Plants- pro-vitamin A or carotenoids
50
Forms of vitamin D
Animals- cholecalciferol (D3) from cholesterol
Plant sterols- ergocalciferol (D2)
51
Forms of Vitamin E
Plants only
Tocopherols — more active compounds
Tosotrienols — less active compounds
52
Forms of vitamin K
Plant- phylloquinone (K1)
Animal- menaquinone (K2) from intestinal bacteria
53
Deficiency of vitamin A is the most common cause of:
Non-accidental blindness in the world
54
Preformed vitamin A
Retinol (retinoids) and retinal esters (no vitamin A activity)
Found in animal sources— dairy, fish and meat (liver)
Absorption can be as high as 90%
55
Provitamin A
Carotenoids (found in plant products)
Can be converted to retinoid form
Absorption is lower than retinol
56
Over 90% of vitamin A is stored where
In liver and small amounts in adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles and eyes
57
Storage form of vitamin A
Retinyl esters
58
Sources of carotenoids
Dark-green, orange, red, and yellow veggies
59
Review slide 22
Slide 22
60
Function of:
Retinal:
Retinol:
Retinoate:
Visual pigment
Immune system
Cell growth and proliferation
61
Vitamin A analogs in dermatology
Retin-A and accutane to treat acne and psoriasis
Medications to lessen damage from excess sun and UV -light exposure
62
Vitamin A deficiency
Xeropthalmia
63
Xeropthalmia target population:
Symptoms:
Increases risk of infections:
Infants, pregnant women , cystic fibrosis
Night blindness, inability to see in dim light or dark; bitot spots
Low iron status leading to anemia
Diarrhea and measles
64
Possible carotenoids functions
Prevention of CV disease
-antioxidant capabilities
Cancer prevention
- Lung, oral and prostate cancers
- vitamins A containing foods are more protective than supplements
Age-related macular degeneration
Cataracts
65
In general, foods rich in ____ and ___ are advised rather than supplements
Vitamin A
Phytochemicals
66
How much sun exposure should you have to get proper vitamin D?
Expose hands, feet, arms 2-3x/week for 5-10 min each time (more for darker skin)
67
Vitamin D is activated by ____ in the:
Enzymes
Liver and kidney
68
Vitamin D synthesis from sun exposure
7-dehydrocholesterol
To
25-hydroxyvitamin D
To
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (active hormone form)
69
Vitamin D regulates:
Blood calcium
Parathyroid hormone
Calcium and phosphorus absorption
Calcium deposition in bones
70
Vitamin D reduced:
Kidney excretion of calcium
71
Who is likely to get rickets
Breastfed infancy with little sun exposure
72
Vitamin D RDA:
Daily value:
15 micrograms
600 IU
73
Vitamin E protects _____ ___ in ___ ____.
Double bonds
Unsaturated fats
74
Function of vitamin E
Prevents free radical formation by acting as an electron donor
Removed peroxide’s during oxidation of PUFAs
Improves vitamin A absorption
75
Vitamin E deficiency causes:
Breakdown of cell membranes
Hemolysis
Nerve degeneration
76
Main dietary form and more biologically active vitamin K
Phylloquinones (K1) from plant sources
77
Vitamin K from fish oils, meats and intestinal bacteria
Menaquinones (K2)
78
Vitamin K functions
Blood coagulation
- carboxylation of glutamate residues of proenzyme forms of clotting factors
- Activation of (carboxylated) clotting factors by Ca+ ions
Bone matrix proteins as regulators of calcification and differentiation
- Matrix-gla protein
- osteocalcin
79
Deficiency of vitamin K
Bleeding disorders or hemorrhage’s
Calcification diseases (vascular calcification)
80
DRI (and upper limit):
Intake:
Density:
Of vitamin A
DRI & UL: 700-900 micrograms (3000 micrograms/10000 IU)
Intake: meets RDA
Density: HD: Veggie/fruit groups
MD: fat/meat/milk groups
LD: bread groups
81
DRI (and upper limit):
Intake:
Density:
Of vitamin D
DRI & UL: 15 micrograms
(100 micrograms/4000 IU)
Intake: ~50% of AI
Density: HD: Fatty fish (salmon, sardine), fortified milk and cereals
Some foods have MD, but most have LD
82
DRI (and upper limit):
Intake:
Density:
Of vitamin E
DRI & UL: 15 mg
(1000 mg/1500 IU)
Intake: ~70% of RDA
Density: HD: Fat group
MD: veggie/bread groups
LD: Milk/meat/fruits groups
83
DRI (and upper limit):
Intake:
Density:
Of vitamin K
DRI & UL: 90-120 micrograms
Intake: ~ AI
Density: Veggie group (dark-green veggies) / fat group and liver
84
Qualities of water-soluble vitamins
Dissolve in water
Generally readily excreted from the body
Subject to cooking losses
Function as coenzymes
Participate in energy metabolism
Enrichment act
85
___% of B vitamins are absorbed
50-90%
86
Review slide 3 in unit 9
Slide 3 unit 9
87
Many nutrients are lost through ___ ____ of grains
milling process
88
Grain/cereal products are enriched in what?
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
folate
iron
89
enriched grains are still deficient in:
B-6
Magnesium
Zinc
90
study slides 7 and 8 on unit 9. That is wayyy to much to type
slides 7 and 8 unit 9
91
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Thiamin
Coenzyme: TPP
Reaction: Decarboxylation and 2C-transfer
Deficiency : Beri Beri and Wernick and Korsakoff syndrome
92
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Riboflavin
Coenzyme: FAD/FMN
Reaction: Redox
Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis
93
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Niacin
Coenzyme: NAD+/NAP+
Reaction: Redox
Deficiency: pellagra
94
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Pantothenate
Coenzyme: CoA & ACP
Reaction: Many
Deficiency: NONE
95
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Biotin
Coenzyme
Reaction: Carboxylation
Deficiency: Dermatitis, hair loss, conjunctivitis, CNS problems
96
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Vitamin B-6
Coenzyme: PLP
Reaction: Amino transfer and decarboxylation
Deficiency: Dermatitis, depression and confusion
97
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Folate:
Coenzyme: THFA
Reaction: One C transfer
AA and nucleotide metabolism
Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia
Spina bifida
Anencephaly
98
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Vitamin B-12
Coenzyme: Methyl and deoxyobalamin
Reaction: Oxid of odd-C FA, folate metab and functional RBC
Deficiency: Pernicious and megaloblastic anemia
99
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Ascorbate
Coenzyme: none
Reaction: antioxidant
Deficiency: scurvy
100
Coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency for..
Choline
Coenzyme: Cosubstrate
Reaction: Homocys metab and precursor of PL and acetylcholine
Deficiency: none
101
Thiamin RDA and daily value
RDA adult women: 1.1 mg
RDA adult men: 1.2 mg
Daily value: 1.5 mg
102
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is mainly found in:
alcoholics
103
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is a deficiency in ____. It causes a mutation in _____ lowering the affinity for __.
thiamin
transketolase
TPP
104
in Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, the need for thiamin is increase to about ____. It is caused by:
10X
Poor qualify diet and alcohol (increases thiamin excretion)
105
consequences of Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
Involuntary eye movement, double vision and mental confusion
Ataxia: Staggering and poor muscle coordination
106
RDA and daily value for riboflavin
Women RDA: 1.1 mg
Men RDA: 1.3 mg
DV: 1.7 mg
107
Riboflavin deficiencies
ariboflavonosis
cheliosis
108
Rare riboflavin deficiency causing inflammation and poor wound healing
ariboflavinosis
109
Riboflavin deficiency causing cracking of tissue around lips and mouth
cheliosis
110
RDA and daily value for nicacin
Women RDA: 14 mg
Men RDA: 16 mg
DV: 20 mg
111
Pellagra 4 Ds:
It is a deficiency in:
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
Niacin
112
what is the only dietary deficiency to reach epidemic proportions in the US
pellagra
113
People at risk for pellagra
alcoholics and people with poor diet (mostly corn protein)
114
Adequare intake and daily value for patothenate
AI: 5mg
daily value: 10mg
115
carboxylation reactions with biotin
gluconeogenesis
FA synthesis
oxidation of odd-C FA
FA elongation
Carboxylases have a mandatory requirement for biotin
116
Adequate intake and DV for biotin
AI: 30 micrograms
DV: 300 micrograms
117
functions of vitamin B6 (8)
in 100+ enzymatic reactions
decarboxylation of amino acids (decarboxylases)
Transamination reactions (transaminases)
heme synthesis
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
neurotransmitter synthesis
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Immune function
118
Homocysteine is an intermediate in the conversion of _____ to ____.
It is metabolized with:
methionine to cysteine
Vitamins B6, B12 and folate
119
AI and DV for B6
AI :1.3 mg
DV: 2 mg
120
RDA and DV for folate
RDA: 400 micrograms
DV: 400 micrograms
121
Function of folate (4)
DNA synthesis
Homocysteine metabolism
Neurotransmitter formation
Amino acid metabolism
122
Folate function in DNA synthesis
transfer of single carbon units
synthesis of adenine and guanine
anticancer drug methotrexate tx may induce deficiency
123
folate deficiencies
Megaloblastic anemia
Neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencepahly)
124
Suscepible populations of folate deficiency
Pregnant women (they need 600 microgram)
Alcoholics (interferes w the enterohepatic circulation of bile/folate)
125
megaloblastic anemia occurs when:
blood cells are unable to divide, leaving large and immature RBC
Either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency may cause it
126
Forms of vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin (free B12)
Methylcobalamin (coenzyme)
5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (coenzyme)
127
Vitamin B12 contains ____.
It is synthesized by:
Cobalt
bacteria, fungi and algae
128
RDA and DV for vitamin B12
RDA: 2.5 micrgrams
DV: 6 micrograms
129
Absorption of vitamin B12 in the stomach
HCl and pepsin release vitamin B12 bound to protein in food
Free vitamin B12 binds with R-Protein
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor
130
Absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine
trypsin from pancreas releases R-Protein from vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 links with intrinsic factor
131
Absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum
Vitamin B12/inrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II
132
Absorption of vitamin B12 in the liver
vitamin B12 stored here
133
Function of vitamin B12 (4)
Oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids
Folate metabolism
Homocysteine metabolism
Nervous system functions (maintenance of myelin sheath)
134
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes:
megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
135
Treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency
Monthly injections
Nasal spray
Weekly ingestions of megadoses
136
functions of vitamin C (6)
Antioxidant (not considered a coenzyme)
Collagen processing
Antioxidant activity
Iron absorption (keeps it reduced)
Biosynthesis of carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters and bile acids
Immune functions
137
RDA and DV for Ascorbate
Women RDA: 75 mg
Men RDA: 90 mg
DV: 60 mg
138
Scurvy is a ____ deficiency when deficient for _____ days
vitamin C
20-40 days
139
Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency
Fatigue and pinpoint hemorrhages, bleeding gums and joints
Impaired wound healing
Bone pain, fractures
Diarrhea
140
Susceptible populations of vitamin C deficiency
impoverished individuals
Alcohol, drug abusers and heavy smokers
low intake of fruits and veggies
141
Function of choline (4)
Cell membrane structure
Single carbon metabolism
neurotransmission and brain health
Lipid transport
142
In cell membrane structre, choline is a precursor of ______ as ______.
This is also found in:
membrane phospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine
Lung surfactant
143
In single carbon metabolism, choline is a precursor of ___.
This and folate are important in ______ ___.
betaine
homocysteine metabolism
144
Choline and neurotransmission and brain health
Acetylcholine synthesis
Shingomyelin in myelin sheath
Brain development requires choline
145
For lipid transport, choline is used in the formation of:
VLDL
146
AI for choline
Women: 425 mg
Men: 550 mg
147
sources of choline
eggs
soybeans
cauliflower, beans
almonds and peanuts
lecithin
148
choline deficiency during pregnancy results in
poor brain development and cognition skills
149
Minerals used for cell metabolism
calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Zinc
Chromium
Iodide
Water
150
Minerals used for bone health
Calcium
Phosphorus
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Flouride
manganese
151
Minerals used for growth and development
calcium
phosphorus
zinc
152
minerals used in blood formation and clotting
Iron
Copper
Calcium
153
Minerals used for nerve impulses
sodium
potassium
chloride
calcium
154
Minerals used for muscle contraction/relaxation
sodium
chloride
postassium
calcium
magnesium
155
minerals used in antioxidant defenses
selenium
zinc
copper
manganese
156
minerals used for water and ion balance in cells
sodium
potassium
chloride
phosphorus
water
157
water comprises ____% of the body weight. It is highest in:
50-70%
infants and children
158
lean muscle tissue contains ~__% water, while fat tissue contains ~__%.
73%
20%
159
Major minerals require ____ mg/day
Examples:
>100 mg /day
calcium, phosphorus
160
Trace minerals/microminerals require ____ mg/day
| Examples:
< 100 mg/day
iron, zinc
161
major cations in ICF
Potassium
Magnesium
162
Major anions in ICF
Phosphate
Sulfate
163
Major cations in ECF
Sodium
Calcium
164
Major anions in ECF
chloride
bicarbonate
165
minerals are in competition with others of similar:
Examples:
Size and charge
Zinc and copper
166
Vitamins used to improve mineral absorption
Vitamin C -- Iron
Vitamin D-- calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
167
Fiber inhibits absorption of:
iron, zinc and others
168
Phytic acid inhibits absorption of:
Zinc
169
Oxalic acid inhibits absorption of:
calcium and other minerals
170
Review slide 14 in unit 10.
Slide 14 Unit 10
171
Upper limit of sodium
2300 mg/day
172
___% of north americans exceed the UL of sodium
95%
173
Consequences of sodium toxicity
Hypertension
increases calcium excretion
formation of kidney stones
174
DASH diet, AKA
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
175
DASH diet includes:
Low in fat and sodium
High in fruits and veggies and low fat dairy products
176
Target nutrients of the DASH diet
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium
Fiber
Total Fat
Saturated fat
Cholesterol
177
DASH diet lower ___ ___ as well as medication is is effective within:
BP
2 weeks
178
the DASH diet is particularly effective for:
those w/ existing hypertension and african americans
179
about ____% of Ca in dairy is absorbed
30%
180
Calcium rich foods
spinach, rhubarb (5%)
Almonds, sesame seeds, beans, canned salmon (20-30%)
Diary products, tofu (30-32%)
Chinese cabbage, mustard green, turnips (40-55%)
Brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, cabbage, cauliflower (60-70%)
181
Calcium makes up __% of all the minerals present in the body
~40%
182
Functions of magnesium (7)
Stabilized ATP and ADP and other nucleotides
Contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis
Postassium and calcium metabolism
Proper nerve and cardiac functions
insulin release from the pancrease
May dilate arteries
may prevent heart rhythm abnormalities
183
RDA and DV for magnesium
Women RDA: 310 mg
Men RDA: 400
DV: 400 mg
184
Causes of magnesium deficiency
Reduced intake of processed foods and demineralized water
GI loss (laxatives and diuretics)
Heavy perspiration
Long-standing diarrhea/vomiting
Alcoholism
Diets low in magnesium
Diabetes, bowel dz, vitamin D deficiency
Medications: Proton pump inhibitors, antacids, antivirals, antihypertensive agents
185
Consequences of magnesium deficiency
rapid heart rate
muscle weakness and spasms
disorentation
seizures
186
Trace minerals daily nutritional need
<100 mg/day
-less than 5g total in the body
less than 1% of body total minerals
187
Review slide 3 in unit 11
slide 3 unit 11
188
Ultratrace minerals in the body
boron
Nickel
Vanadium
Asenic
Silicon
--These are found in humans, but many have not shown to be required
189
forms of iron found in foods
animal flesh- hemoglobin and myoglobin (collectively called heme-iron)
veggies, grains and supplements- non-heme iron
190
Which type of iron is absorbed more readily?
heme-iron
191
Major source of heme iron
red meat
192
the typical North American diet contains about ____ mg of iron per every 1000 cal
6 mg
193
Average daily iron intake in north america
Men: 18 mg
Women: 13 mg
194
Is milk a good source of iron?
no
195
Factors that increase iron absorption
high body demand for RBC (blood loss, high altitude, physical training, pregnancy)
Low body stores of iron
Heme iron in food
Meat protein factor (MPF)
Vitamin C intake
Gastric acidity
196
Factors that decrease iron absorption
Low need for iron (high level of iron storage)
Phytic acid in whole grains and legumes
Oxalic acid in leafy veggies
polyphenols in tea, cofee, red wine and oregano
reduced gastric acidity
excessive intake of other minerals (zinc, manganese, calcium)
197
Iron in functional proteins
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Iron-containing enzymes
198
Iron in transport proteins
Transferrin
Ferroportin
199
Iron in storage proteins
Ferritin
hemosiderin
200
most common trace mineral deficiency in the world?
iron deficiency
201
RBC in anemia are ___ and ___ than normal
smaller
paler
202
what is used to diagnose iron anemia
Blood hematocrit
| - % of RBC volume in totaly blood volume- 40-55% M and 37-47 F
203
Vitamin E deficiency can lead to ____ anemia
hemolytic
204
Vitamin K deficiency can lead to ____ anemia
Hemorrhagic
205
Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to ____ anemia
microcytic and sideroblastic anemia
206
Folate deficiency can lead to ____ anemia
megaloblastic
207
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to ____ anemia
Megaloblastic and pernicious
208
Iron deficiency can lead to ____ anemia
microcytic hypochromic
209
Copper deficiency can lead to ____ anemia
2ndary iron
210
RDA and DV for Zinc
Women RDA: 8mg
Men RDA: 11 mg
DV: 15 mg
211
Food rich in zinc
Oysters
212
factors that increase zinc absorption
Low to moderate zinc intake
Zinc deficiency
Animal protein intake
Increased need for zinc
213
Factors that decrease zinc absorption
Phytic acid and fiber in whole grains
Excessive zinc intake
High non-heme iron intake
good zinc status
214
Functions of zinc
Cofactor to many enzymes
Synthesis of nucleic acid
Protein and alcohol metabolism
Cell membrane maintenance
Wound healing
Immune function
Growth
Development of sexual organs and bones
