Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nutrition > Unit 2.3 > Flashcards

Unit 2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

Alanine

Arginine

Asparagine

Aspartic acid

Cysteine

Glutamic acid

Glutamine

Glycine

Proline

Serine

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

High quality/complete protein contains:

A

Ample amount of all essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What counts as high quality/complete protein

A

Animal protein (except gelatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Low quality (incomplete) protein

A

Deficient or low in one or more EAA

Plant protein (except quinoa, buckwheat and soy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Limiting amino acid means—

A

Protein cannot be assembled (all or none principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Source of minerals in animal protein

A

Fe, Zn, Se

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Source of some vitamins in animal protein

A

Thiamine

Niacin

Riboflavin

B-6

B-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is animal protein high in?

A

Cholesterol and saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There is no ___ and ____ in animal protein

A

Fiber

Phytochemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Some minerals found in plant protein

A

Mg, Mn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Some vitamins in plant protein

A

A

C

E

K

Folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plant protein has no ____ and is low in _____

it is a good source of:

A

No cholesterol

Low SFA

Good source of fiber and phytochemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Legumes are rich sources of?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1/2 cup of protein meets ____% of protein needs but __% of energy needs

A

10%

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Legumes are a ____ protein.

A

Lean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Legumes are a rich source of ____ and _____

They have no ____ or ___

A

Fiber and phytochemicals

No cholesterol or SFA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What essential amino acids are deficient in plant proteins?

A

Lysine

Methionine

Tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Limiting amino acid in…

Grains:

Veggies:

Nuts:

Legumes:

A

Lysine

Methionine

Lysine

Methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dietary protein digestion stimulates the release of _____ and _____ from SI

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CCK stimulates _____ to release_____

A

Pancreas

Zymogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secretin stimulates _____ to release ____.

A

Pancreas

HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What inhibits gastric motility?

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Activation of trypsinogen to trypsin is done by:

A

Enteropeptidase and trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Activation of zymogens is done by:
Trypsin
26
Enzymes break peptides mostly into:
Amino acids
27
Absorbed amino acids are transported to the _____ via:
Liver Portal vein
28
Activation, source and specificity of... Pepsinogen
Activation: H+ and pepsin Source: chief cells of stomach Specificity: Mostly phenylalanine
29
Activation, source and specificity of... Trypsinogen
Activation: Enteropeptidase and trypsin Source: Pancreas Specificity: Lysine and arginine
30
Activation, source and specificity of... Chymotrypsinogen
Activation: trypsin and chyomtripsin Source: pancreas Specificity: aromatic and bulky amino acids
31
Activation, source and specificity of... Proelastase
Activation: trypsin Source: pancrea Specificity: small AA Ala/Gly/Ser
32
Activation, source and specificity of... Procarboxypeptidase A/B
Activation: trypsin Source: pancreas Specificity: carboxy-end of peptide
33
Activation, source and specificity of... Aminopeptidases
Activation: none Source: small intestine Specificity: amino end of peptide
34
Activation, source and specificity of... Enteropeptidase
Activation: none Source: small intestine Specificity: trypsin
35
Review slide 18
Slide 18
36
Amino acid, AKA
Transamination
37
What aminos undergo transamination
All AA except Lys and Leu
38
Aminos are transferred by: With the coenzyme:
Aminotransferases PLP (vitamin B-6)
39
Where are aminos transferred
Cytosol and mitochondria
40
What undergoes oxidative deamination
Only Glu
41
Oxidative deamination is done by: With the coenzyme:
Glutamate dehydrogenase (liver) NAD+/NADP+ (niacin)
42
Oxidative deamination is done where?
Cytosol and mitochondria
43
Proteins are the building blocks of what body compartments ?
Cell major component after water Muscle Enzymes Hormones Antibodies Visual pigments
44
Functions of proteins
Building blocks of body components Maintain fluid balance Contribute to acid/base balance Supports immune system Forms glucose Provides energy Vitamin source Contribute to satiety
45
Standard blood protein level What happens if low?
3.5-5.5 g/100 ml If below, swelling of tissues occurs (edema)
46
What does protein effect in managing acid/base balance
Serum albumin Hemoglobin
47
What happens if there is low protein for the immune system
Very weak immune system (anergy) and common diseases can be fatal
48
Which AA are glucogenic?
Most are Only lysine and leucine are not
49
Proteins need a lot of process by ___ and _____.
Liver Kidneys
50
Niacin can be synthesized from:
Tryptophan
51
Compared to other macronutrients, proteins provide the highest feeling of ____ after a meal
Satiety
52
Blood proteins are important for:
Maintaining the body’s fluid balance
53
Without sufficient protein in the blood, ____ develops
Edema
54
What are some situations when positive nitrogen balance occurs?
Growth Pregnancy Recovery stage after illness/injury Athletic training resulting in increased lean body mass Increased secretion of certain hormones, such as insulin, growth hormone, and testosterone
55
What are situations when nitrogen equilibrium occurs?
Healthy adult meeting protein and energy needs
56
What are situations when negative nitrogen balance occurs?
Inadequate intake of protein Inadequate energy intake Conditions such as fevers, burns and infections Bed rest for several days Deficiency of essential amino acids (ex- poor quality protein consumed) Increased protein loss (as in some forms of disease) Increased secretion of certain hormones, such as thyroid hormone and cortisol
57
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8 g per kg of HBW | 70kg X 0.8 g/kg = 56 g of protein
58
RDA for protein during pregnancy
~10-15 g/day
59
Endurance athletes may need _____ g per kg of healthy weight of protein
0.8-1.7
60
RDA percentage How much does the typical American take in?
8-10% About 15%
61
Can excess protein be stored as protein?
No
62
FNB advises against protein intakes greater that ___% of total calories and energy intake
35%
63
T/F Excess protein provides additional health
False
64
Why does intake of animal protein increase risk for heart disease
High in SFA, cholesterol and calories
65
Excessive intake of red meat is linked with:
Colon cancer and extra burden on kidneys (stones)
66
High protein diets increase ____ loss
Calcium
67
AA supplements may cause _____ and _____ Especially: How?
Imbalances and toxicity W/ methionine, cysteine and histidine Supplement can overwhelm the absorptive mechanism since the body is designed to handle whole proteins
68
Examples of protein energy malnutrition
Kwashiorkor Maramus
69
What is kwashiorkor
Severe protein (w moderate energy) deficit; often accompanied by infections or other diseases
70
Characteristics of kwashiorkor
Edema Mild-moderate weight loss Maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat Growth impairment (60-80% of normal Wright for age) Rapid onset Fatty liver
71
What is marasmus?
Severe energy and protein deficit
72
Characteristics of marasmus
Severe weight loss Wasting of muscle and body fat (skin and bones appearance) Severe growth impairment (less than 60% of normal Weight for age) Develops gradually
73
Types of vegetarian lifestyles
Vegan (plant food only) Fruititarian (primarily fruits, nuts, honey and vegetable oils) Lactovegetarian (plant and dairy products) Lactoovovegeterian (plant products, dairy products and eggs)
74
Key nutrients in grains
Protein Thiamine Niacin Folate Vitamin E Zinc Magnesium Iron Fiber
75
Key nutrients in legumes
Protein Vitamin B-6 Zinc Magnesium Fiber
76
Key nutrients in nuts and seeds
Protein Vitamin E Magnesium
77
Key nutrients in veggies
Vitamin A Vitamin C Folate Vitamin K Potassium
78
Riboflavin is found in..
Milk products and green leafy veggies
79
Vitamin D is found in..
Enriched milk and soy/plant milk and sun exposure
80
Vitamin B12 is found in..
Meats, vitamin B-12-fortified foods
81
Iron is found in...
Meats, bread group, whole-grains, dried fruits and nuts
82
Zinc is found in...
Meat, whole-grains, cereals, nuts and legumes
83
Calcium is found in..
Milk products Ca-fortified foods Dark-green leafy veggies
84
Who is highest at risk for deficiency?
Vegetarian infants and children
85
For vegetarian infants/children, you must ensure adequate intake of..
Iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D and calcium
86
_______ diet may prevent infants or children from meeting energy needs
High-fiber
87
How can you help vegetarian infants and children meet energy needs?
Replace whole-grain products with refined grain products, fruits juices and peeled fruits Include fortified soy milk, nuts, dried fruits and avocados as alternative sources of calories

Nutrition (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions