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Nutrition > Unit 2.1 > Flashcards

Unit 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some reasons a person eats carbs

A

To lose weight

To bulk up with muscle

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2
Q

Carbs are a primary or only source of energy for what cells?

A

CNS

RBC

Muscles for vigorous physical activity

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3
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of:

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

Major sugar in foods and in the body

From starch, sucrose and lactose

A

Glucose

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5
Q

Fruit sugar

From sucrose, honey, fruits and high-fructose corn syrup

A

Fructose

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6
Q

From lactose

Only dietary carb exclusively for animal sources

A

Galactose

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7
Q

Maltose, sucrose and lactose are examples of:

A

Disaccharides

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8
Q

Types of simple carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides

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9
Q

Maltose source:

From ____ break down

Linkage:

A

Molasses

Starch

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage

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10
Q

Sucrose is what type of sugar?

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

What type of linkage is sucrose?

A

Alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage

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12
Q

Lactose is what kind of sugar?

A

Milk

The only animal dietary carbohydrate

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13
Q

Linkage type for lactose

A

Beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage

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14
Q

Types of oligosaccharides

A

Maltotriose

Raffinose

Stachyose

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15
Q

Maltotriose is from _____ degradation

A

Starch

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16
Q

Linkage type for maltotriose

A

2 alpha-glycosidic linkages

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17
Q

Raffinose is found from ____.

A

Beans (legumes)

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18
Q

Linkages for raffinose

A

One beta-1,6 and one alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage

Gal-Glc-Fru

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19
Q

Stachyose is a simple carbohydrate from

A

Beans

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20
Q

Linkages of stachyose

A

Two beta-1,6 and one alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage

Gal-gal-glc-fru

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21
Q

What is cellulase?

A

Enzymatic activity capable of breaking beta glycosidic linkages

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22
Q

What cells have cellulase activity?

A

Only microbial cells

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23
Q

Cellulase is high in the gut of:

A

Ruminants

Termites

Ants

Fungus

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24
Q

What are digestible polysaccharides?

A

Starch (whole grains, pastas, bread, legumes, potatoes)

Glycogen (non dietary— liver and muscle)

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25
What are indigestible polysaccharides? Examples?
Insoluble fiber - cellulose, hemicellulose (plant cell wall) Soluble fiber - Pectin (Flesh of fruits) - mucilages (psyllium husk, flaxseeds) - Gums and beta glucans (oats, legumes, barley) - Algal polysaccharides (algae and seaweeds)
26
What type of starch? Linear polymer, alpha-1,4 linkages only About 20% of typical starch
Amylose
27
What type of starch? Branches polymer, alpha 1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages (about ever 25 glucose) About 80% of typical starch
Amylopectin
28
Typical starch is found where?
In white potatoes Wheat Corn Rice
29
Modified starch is more _______ in to increase:
Branches Gelling properties
30
Glycogen is storage of ______ in animals and bacteria
Glucose
31
Glycogen is structurally similar to ______, but is more _____.
Amylopectin Branches
32
Linkages of glycogen
Alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 Branches (alpha 1,6) about every 10 glucose
33
Glycogen is more ______ than amylopectin
Soluble
34
Glycogen can do what very rapidly? (3)
Can be synthesized Be degraded Raise blood
35
Glycogen is stored in the _____ for blood glucose And in the ______ for muscle energy
Liver Muscle
36
Glycogen (IS/IS NOT) a dietary carbohydrate
Is not
37
Monosaccharides in fibers are linked by:
Beta-glycosidic linkages
38
What is a non-carbohydrate fiber? Where can it be found?
Lignin Woody parts of plants (bark) Polyphenols Flaxseeds, sesame seeds, whole grains, legumes, fruits and veggies
39
Lignin builds to ___ _____ and decreases:
Bile acids Serum cholesterol levels
40
What are examples of carbohydrate fiber
Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectin Gum Mucilage
41
Name examples of insoluble/non-fermentable fiber
Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin (Not fermented by bacteria in the colon)
42
Examples of soluble / viscous / fermentable fiber
Gum Pectin Mucilage Fruit Vegetable Rice bran Psyllium seed
43
Prebiotic are are type of: They stimulate:
Functional fiber Growth or activity of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine
44
Review table in slide 17. Type that up later
Slide 17
45
Carbohydrates in milk
Lactose
46
Processed grains are relatively (HIGH/LOW) in fiber
Low
47
2 categories of sweeteners How do they provide energy?
Nutritive sweeteners -can be oxidized to yield energy Alternative sweeteners -provide no energy or very little
48
High-fructose corn syrup is mixed with:
Acid and enzymes
49
Benefit of high-fructose corn syrup
It is cheaper than sucrose
50
Sorbitol and xylitol are examples of what?
Sugar alcohols
51
Excess consumption of sugar alcohols may have what effect?
A laxative effect
52
What is the benefit of sugar alcohols?
They do not promote tooth decay (can be seen in sugarless gum)
53
ADI for alternative sweeteners
mg per kg of body weight per day (that’s a mouthful)
54
How many calories per gram in aspartame?
4 ca/g, but only a trace amounts is needed to sweeten foods
55
Aspartame is not recommended for people with what?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
56
ADI for aspartame:
50– or about 14 cans of diet soft drink or about 80 packets of sweetener
57
Steviol is a:
Glycoside
58
Substrate, products and linkages of... Alpha-amylase (saliva and pancreas)
Sub- starch Products: Limit dextrin, increase maltose, maltotriose, isomaltose Linkages: Alpha-1,4
59
Substrate, products and linkages of... Alpha-dextrinase
Sub- limit dextrins Products: Malto-oligosaccharides Linkages: alpha-1,6
60
Substrate, products and linkages of... Maltase
Substrate: Maltose Products: 2 glucoses Linkages: alpha-1,4
61
Substrate, products and linkages of... Glucoamylase
Substrate: maltotriose Products: 3 glucoses Linkages: alpha-1,4
62
Substrate, products and linkages of... Sucrose-isomaltase bifunctional domain isomaltase
Substrate: isomaltose Products: 2 glucose’s Linkages: alpha-1,6

Nutrition (10 decks)

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