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Nutrition > Unit 1.3 > Flashcards

Unit 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization in the body

A

1- Chemical (atoms forming molecules)

2- Cellular (molecules forming organelles, such as mitochondria)

3- Tissue (similar cells and surrounding materials)

4- Different tissues combined to form organs)

5- Organ system level- (ex- stomach and intestines make up an organ system)

6- Organism- organ systems make this up

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2
Q

Components and functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Components: Heart, blood vessels and blood

Functions: Transport of nutrients, O2, CO2 and hormones. Immune response, body temp, homeostasis

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3
Q

Components and functions of the lymphatic system

A

Components: Lymph vessels, nodes and organs

Functions: defense, removes foreign matter from the blood and lymph, combats diseases and pathogens. Fluid homeostasis
Fat absorption

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4
Q

Components and functions of the digestive system

A

Components: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, rectum

Functions: Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients and elimination of wastes

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5
Q

The portal vein circulation transports:

A

Water soluble nutrients from the small intestine to the liver

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6
Q

What nutrients does the portal vein transport?

A

Sugars, amino acids, water-soluble vitamins and minerals (trace minerals are transported in blood bound to protein)

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7
Q

The lymphatic system passes:

A

Lipid soluble nutrients and large particles
Lipids
Lipid-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

The lymphatic system empties into:

A

Veins leading to the heart

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9
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Digestion

Absorption

Transport

Storage

Excretion

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10
Q

Functions of the mouth and salivary glands

A

Chew food

Perceive taste

Moisten food

Lubricate food with mucus

Release starch-digesting enzyme

Initiate swallowing reflex

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11
Q

Functions of the esophagus

A

Lubricate with mucus

Move food to stomach by peristaltic wages (swallowing)

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12
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Store, mix, dissolve and continue digestion of food

Dissolve food particles with secretions

Kill microorganisms with acid

Release protein-digesting (pepsin) enzyme

Lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus

Regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine

Produce intrinsic factor for vitamin B-12 absorption

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13
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Produce bile to aid for digestion and absorption

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14
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A

Store, concentrate and later release bile into the small intestine

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15
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Secrete sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbohydrate, fat, and protein

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16
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Mix and propel contents

Lubricate with mucus

Digest and absorb most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestine

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17
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Mix and propel contents

Absorb sodium, potassium, and water

House bacteria

Lubricate with mucus

Synthesize some vitamins and short-chain fatty acids

Form feces

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18
Q

Functions of the rectum

A

Hold feces and expel via the anus (opening to the outside of the body)

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19
Q

The GI tract, AKA:

A

The alimentary canal

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20
Q

A long, hollow muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus

A

GI tract (AKA alimentary canal)

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21
Q

The GI tract consists of:

A

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Colon

Rectum

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22
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

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23
Q

The wall of the GI tract consists of what 4 layers?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscle

Serosa

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24
Q

The saliva consists of what?

A

Solvent

Enzymes

Mucus

Others

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25
Daily volume of saliva
8000-1500 ml (1000 ml on average)
26
Percentage of saliva that is water
>95%
27
What is the digestive enzyme that aids in partial digestion of starch?
Alpha-amylase (ptyalin)
28
Ptyalin is inactivated by what?
Low pH of the stomach
29
What is the favorable pH range for amylase activity?
6-7
30
Saliva Mucus consists of:
Mostly water Electrolytes (K+, HCO3-) Glycoproteins (mostly polysaccharides with some protein, mucin) Lubricant
31
Purpose of lubricant in the mucus in saliva
Facilitates swallowing Coats wall of gut and prevents food from sticking to it Resistant to breakdown by digestive enzymes Small buffering capacity (protein and HCO3-) Facilitates adherence of fecal material and removal of feces
32
What type of enzyme is lysozyme?
Digestive enzyme
33
Purpose of lysozyme in saliva
Breaks down cell wall of bacteria (has beta1->4 glycosides activity) and allows entry of thiocyanate Oxidation of thiocyanate by H2O2 (Source: oral bacteria) to bacterial metabolites (hypothiocyanate and hypothiocyanous acid)
34
Purpose of R-Protein in saliva
Stabilized released vitamin B-12 from food Essential for vitamin B-12 absorption
35
Capacity of the stomach
Approx 6 cups
36
Parietal cells secrete:
Hydrochloric acid
37
Purpose of hydrochloric acid
AIDS protein digestion Solubilizes minerals for absorption
38
What do chief cells secrete?
Enzymes
39
After ____ hours, food in the stomach is transformed into:
2-4 hours Chyme
40
Mucus layer of the stomach prevents:
Auto-digestion
41
Where will you see secretion of the intrinsic factor? (IF) What secretes it?
Stomach Parietal cells
42
Daily volume of gastric secretions. What does this consist of?
About 1500ml (approx 6 cups) Mostly water Hydrochloric acid Mucus Pepsinogen Intrinsic factor
43
Purpose of hydrochloric acid
Kill some food bacteria* Initiates activation of pepsinogen * Denatures and facilitates digestion of dietary protein Partially denatures dietary protein Solubilizes and keep minerals reduced to facilitate absorption Releases food-bound vitamin B-12 and allows binding to R-Protein
44
Ideal pH for pepsinogen activation, partial digestion of dietary protein and binding of vitamin B-12 and R-Protein
1-2
45
Mucus in the stomach is secreted by:
Goblet cells
46
Pepsinogen is activated to active:
Pepsinogen
47
What is intrinsic factor?
A glycoprotein that binds to vitamin B-12- Releases it from R-protein in the small intestine and to carriers in the ileum allowing vitamin B-12 absorption
48
A hormone that stimulates (with acetylcholine) acid secretion by parietal cells and decreases appetite and food intake
Histamine
49
What secretes histamine?
Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)
50
What is a hormone that stimulates pepsinogen and acid secretion
Gastric
51
What secretes gastrin?
Gastrin (G) cells
52
What is a hormone that acts as a short-term appetite stimulant? Let’s the brain know it is hungry
Ghrelin
53
What secretes ghrelin?
Ghrelin cells
54
Review slide 22
Slide 22
55
Function of the lower esophageal sphincter
Prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents in into the esophagus
56
Function of pyloric sphincter
Control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine
57
Function of the sphincter of oddi
Control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine
58
Function of ileocecal sphincter
Prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
59
Function of the anal sphincter
Prevent defecation until person desires to do so.
60
Muscular contraction involving progressive movement of food from one point to another along the GI tract
Peristalsis
61
95% of digestion takes place where?
Small intestine (mostly in duodenum and upper jejunum)
62
Properties of small intestine
Folded walls and villi Absorptive cells
63
How often is the body’s entire supply of enterocytes replaced?
Every 2-5 days
64
Small intestine secretions
Water and mucus Ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-) Enteropeptidase Sucrose Lactose Maltese Isomaltase Glucoamylase Peptide PYY Gastric Inhibitory peptide
65
Purpose of enteropeptidatse
Starts activation of pancreatic zymogen
66
Active trypsin activates:
Completes its own activation Activates other zymogens
67
What acts as a short-term appetite suppressor
Peptide PYY
68
What secretes peptide PYY
Small and large intestines into the blood
69
Gastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by: It inhibits: It stimulates:
Small intestine into the blood Stomach motility Insulin secretion
70
Secretin is secreted by: It stimulates:
Duodenum and jejunum into the blood Secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate
71
Cholecystokinin is secreted by: It stimulates: It inhibits:
Duodenum and jejunum into the blood Pancreatic secretion (mostly zymogens) Stomach motility
72
Fats are absorbed as ____ by:
MAGS Passive transport
73
Proteins are absorbed as ___ ___ ___ by:
Free amino acids Secondary active transport using a sodium gradient
74
Glucose and galactose is absorbed by:
Secondary active transport using a sodium gradient (SGT)
75
Fructose is absorbed by:
Passive transport (GLUT5)
76
Liver and gallbladder secrete:
Bile
77
The pancreas secretes:
Pancreatic juice Digestive enzymes Bicarbonate Hormones
78
Pro-lipases and proteases released in the small intestine and active by trypsin
Zymogens
79
Activation of trypsin is initiated by:
Enteropeptidase (an active intestinal protease)
80
Pancreatic secretion is regulated by _______ and by the intestinal hormones _______ and _______
Acetylcholine Cholecystokinin and secretin
81
What is the peptide hormone that decreases blood glucose and regulates metabolism of carbs and lipids?
Insulin
82
Insulin is mostly release by:
Beta cells because of high blood glucose
83
What is the peptide hormone that stimulates release of glucose from liver and regulates metabolism of carbs and lipids?
Glucagon
84
Glucagon is release by:
Alpha cells because of low blood glucose
85
Bile consists of:
Water (about 95%) Bile salts (emulsifier) Cholesterol (emulsifier) Lecithins (emulsifiers) Fatty acids (emulsifiers) Bilirubin (for elimination in feces) Ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+. Cl-, HCO3-)
86
What is found in the large intestine?
Indigestible food stuff Mucus-producing cells Bacteria (probiotics and probiotics)
87
Are there villi in the large intestine? | Enzymes?
No No
88
What is absorbed in the large intestine?
Water, some minerals and vitamins
89
What are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when they are consumed in sufficient amounts
Probiotics
90
What are non-digestive carbohydrates that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine
Probiotics
91
Where are probiotics found?
In fermented foods, such as yogurt and miso (fermented soybean paste) and sold in capsules and powder
92
Probiotics may help to prevent:
Diarrhea, food allergies and colon cancer May also treat irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease
93
Review slides 47 and 48
47 and 48
94
Inulin is a ______ made of several units of ______
Inulin Fructose
95
Where is inulin found?
Chicory, wheat, onions, garlic, asparagus and bananas
96
Why are inulin and other related compounds, such as fructans added to some processed foods?
To add texture, bulk and potential health benefits
97
Factors of the rectum
Stool elimination (facilitated by fiber-rich diets) Muscle contraction Anal sphincters
98
Primary nutrients absorbed in the stomach
Alcohol (20%) and water (minor amount)
99
Primary nutrients absorbed in the small intestine
Calcium, magnesium, iron, other minerals, glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins, water (70-90%) Alcohol (80%), bile acids
100
Primary nutrients absorbed in the large intestine
Sodium, potassium, fat acids, gases, water (10-30%)
101
What happens with bile in the liver
Bile acids convert into bile salts Bile salts are transported small intestine via bile in gallbladder
102
What happens with bile in the small intestine?
Bile salts convert to bile acids by intestinal bacteria Bile acids transported back to the liver via the portal vein
103
How is adipose tissue stored
Fat mostly
104
What does the blood store?
Glucose and amino acids
105
What is stored in the liver
Glucose (glycogen), vitamins and minerals
106
What is stored in the muscle
Glycogen and amino acids (protein)
107
What is stored in the bones
Protein and minerals
108
Stomach acid reflux into the esophagus Dysfunction of the esophageal sphincter
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
109
GERD symptoms are ____, ____ and if left untreated can lead to:
Pain Inflammation Esophageal cancers
110
Erosion of lining of stomach, esophagus or small intestine due to gastric acid and enzymes
Peptic ulcers
111
80% of patients with peptic ulcers end up with what type of infection?
Helicobacter pylori infection
112
Causes of peptic ulcers
Stress, medication, smoking
113
Peptic ulcer inflammation can lead to..
Gastric cancers
114
What are some medications that can lead to digestion and health problems?
Proton pump inhibitors Antacids Antibiotics Phytochemicals
115
Combination of abdominal cramps, grassiness, bloating and irregular bowel movement can be symptoms of:
Irritable Bowel syndrome
116
Cause of IBS Therapy includes:
Cause unknown— poorly digested carbs such as fructose, sugar alcohols likely Eating high fiber diet, avoiding gassy foods and dairy
117
Chronic immune mediated disease that targets small intestinal cells due to: Genetic predisposition Gluten sensitivity Malabsorption of nutrients
Celiac disease
118
Gallstones are mainly _____ and not enough:
Cholesterol (80%) Bile salts
119
What is nutritional genomics?
Study of interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics
120
What is nutrigenetics?
Study of the effects of genes on nutritional health, such as variations in nutrient requirement and responsiveness to dietary modifications
121
What is nutrigenomics?
Study of how food impacts health through its interaction with out genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression
122
Impact and significance of nutrigenomics:
Enhance the ability of health professionals to help individuals manage diseases and optimize health
123
What are some nutritional diseases with a genetic link?
Heart disease Hypertension Obesity Diabetes Cancer

Nutrition (10 decks)

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