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Herpetology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ways herps avoid detection

A
  • Crypsis (camouflage)
  • banding and striping (camo in motion)
  • longitudinal stripes (no refference points)
  • Structural camo (spines or other appendages)
  • Live camo (algae on turtles)
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2
Q

How does banding and striping work to avoid detection

A
  • creates an image of uniformly covered prey when in motion, and banded when it suddenly stops
  • its an optical illusion that causes prey to dissapear
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3
Q

How to not get eaten:

A

1) be poisonous, taste bad, or be otherwise unpalatable
2) announce your unattractiveness
3) Specialized behaviors

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4
Q

Noxious substances: amphibians

A
  • many salamanders will exude a whitish substance if stressed
  • substance from granular glands
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5
Q

Noxious substances: reptiles

A
  • usually offensive, not harmful

- snakes have paired cloacal glands that are aimed and emptied on predators

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6
Q

Aposematism

A
  • warmning advertisment
  • indicates the prey is unpalatable, or lethal
  • salamanders, frogs, snakes
  • ALL salamandrids (newts) are aposematic
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7
Q

Batesian mimic

A
  • used by red backed to mimic newt

- prey using this tecnique are palatable

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8
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

-moderatly toxic and moderatley unpalatable

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9
Q

Structural deterence

A
  • turtles and their shells

- crocs and their scales underlain by osteoderms

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10
Q

Specialized behaviors: startle predator

A
  • frilled lizard

- erratic movements, frightening displays

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11
Q

Death feigning (thanatosis)

A
  • occurs sporadically and infrequently in unrelated taxa

- some cannot locate prey without movements to guide vision

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12
Q

Caudal autonomy

A

occurs along established break points

-detatched part will wiggle and draw attention to the predator

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13
Q

Costs of autonomy

A
  • protein and fat that goes into tail replacement shunted from reproduction
  • increases chances of later predation
  • interference with locomotion
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14
Q

turtle locomotion

A
  • locomotor problems from inflexibility
  • raise themselves vertically off ground
  • support themselves on three points of contact (on a tripod)
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15
Q

advanced limb locomotion: lizards

A
  • accelerate rapidly and change direction
  • first four metatarsal bones joined tightly
  • fifth metatarsal levers foot up onto the first four metatarsals
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16
Q

Bipedal locomotion over water: lizards

A
  • most support comes from stroking the foot downwards wile expanding an air cavity underwater
  • lizard pulls foot upwards before cavity collapses
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17
Q

Autonomy of frog jump

A
  • two illa and the urostyle flex with the sacral vertebrae

- form a complex structure for massive powerfully muscled hind legs

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18
Q

Locomotion and morphology:

1) long hindlimbs
2) short hindlimbs
3) short hind and forelimbs
4) long forelimbs

A

1) jumpers or swimmers
2) walk, run, or hop
3) walker-burrowers
4) climbers

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19
Q

Climbers: adhesive toepads

A
  • adhesion occurs in contact angle is low and surfaces are sufficiently wettable
  • combines with moisture on surface (capillary action) to provide adhesion
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20
Q

Mechanisms in geckos for adhesive toes

A
  • combined adhesive force of all setae 10x greater than the max force needed to pull a live gecko off wall
  • self-cleaning
21
Q

Climbers: zygodactylous toes

A
  • pair-fingered
  • prehensile feet with opposable digits
  • found in chameleons and some frogs/lizards
22
Q

Lateral undulation

A
  • each curve of body thrusts against the rough surface of the ground
  • does not work on smooth surfaces
  • establish opposable contact points
23
Q

Rectilinear motion

A
  • snake creeps forward linearly

- common in heavy-bodied boids and vipers

24
Q

Side pushing in snake

A
  • waves pass rapidly down the body eliciting enough sliding friction to propel the body forward slowly
  • inefficient
25
Q

Concertina locomotion

A
  • on smooth surfaces
  • pilling up body on one spot and extending or drawing the rest forward
  • energetically inexpensive
26
Q

Sidewinding

A

-example in class of snake bouncing along in the desert

27
Q

Burrowing amphisbaenians, snakes, and skinks

A

-characterized by pointed, reinforced plow-like skulls

28
Q

Caecilian locomotion

A
  • use lateral undulation while on surface of water

- use intern concertina motion when burrowing in compacted soil

29
Q

2 approches to aquatic locomotion

A

1) Oscillatory: move limbs or fins back and forth

2) Undulatory: Produce waves of motion along the body

30
Q

Aerial locomotion

A
  • some arboreal anurans

- spread webbing of enlarged fore and hind limbs

31
Q

Gliding (lizards)

A
  • more developed in certain lizards

- spread membrane covered elongated ribs to glide up to 60m

32
Q

Gliding in snakes

A

-spread ribs and create concavity on underside to slow and direct fall

33
Q

Tuatara feeding

A
  • carnivores
  • two rows of teeth on the upper jaw, one row on lower
  • teeth on upper overlap bottom teeth
34
Q

Feeding in croc

A
  • rigid skull and hinged lower jaw (akinetic)
  • open mouths by lifting heads
  • no opening force but a powerful crushing force
35
Q

projectile feeding in sal

A

-tongue can shoot out 40-80% of the body length

36
Q

Ballistic tongue projection

A
  • pedastal-like tongue tip on floor of mouth
  • paired hyoid arms lie flat on floor of mouth
  • hyoid muscles contract and fire hyoid rod forward with tongue tip at end
37
Q

Most powerful muscle in the animal kingdom

A
  • giant palm salamander

- 18,000 watts/kg of muscle

38
Q

Feeding in anurans

A

-genioglossus muscle aided by a fulcrum-like action from the submentalis

39
Q

swallowing in adult anurans and salamanders

A
  • depress their eyes while swallowing

- this may help crush prey and force prey down throat

40
Q

suction feeding

A

-food buoyant and swallowing needs no saliva

41
Q

Gape and such mechanisms require

A
  • accurate alignment of head to prey
  • good timing
  • rapid expansion of buccal cavity to build up negative pressure and suction forces
42
Q

Suction feeding in turtles

A
  • head shoots forward, nostrils close, mouth gapes, esophagus opens to maintain inward flow of water
  • excess water filtered out through keratinized beak sheath (rhamphotheca)
43
Q

subduing prey: constriction

A
  • important for species lacking venom

- kills faster than would be expected if suffocation were the immediate cause of death

44
Q

Venom delevery: front fang

A
  • depends on saliva glands and modified teeth
  • venom continually produced and stored in a venom-gland chamber
  • when prey bitten, muscles around venom chamber collapse and send venom down duct to fang canal
45
Q

Venom compounds used to immobilize prey

A

1) Cardiotoxins (affect the heart – elapids and vipers)
2) Neurotoxins (lead to respitory collapse – elapids)
3) Hemotoxins (destroy capillary walls, causing hemorrhage (vipers, cobra, boomslang)

46
Q

Cranial kinesis in snakes

A

-usually a joint in the middle of each mandible, enabling the jaw to expand outward

47
Q

How is swallowing achieved in snakes

A

-snake advances all tooth-bearing bones on one side of the head out, over, and then against the prey item to engage the teeth

48
Q

Tadpole feeding structures

A
  • microparticles are scraped or rasped from surface

- use several rows of keratinized teeth (labial teeth)

49
Q

Suction feeding in tadpoles

A

-use mouth, buccopharyngeal cavity, and gills simultaneously for respiration and feeding

Herpetology (8 decks)

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