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Herpetology > Salamanders Lab > Flashcards

Salamanders Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Caecilians

A
  • Order: Gymnophiona (Apoda)
  • Primarily fossorial (eyes beneath bone, hard head, limbless)
  • Tentacles (chemosensory organs)
  • internal fertilization through phallodeum
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2
Q

Salamander order

A
  • Order: Caudata (Urodela)
  • all are predators
  • skin has granular (poison) and mucous glands
  • paedomorphosis in some species (external gills and absence of eyelids)
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3
Q

Skeletal features of Caudata

A
  • separate radius and ulna (same as humans)

- elongated spinal column

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4
Q

Siren family

A
  • Sirenidae
  • Eel-like/slender
  • Paedomorphic features
  • No hindlimbs
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5
Q

Hellbender and Asiatic Giant Salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Cryptobranchidae
  • Largest extant salamanders
  • external fertilization
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6
Q

Hellbender (latin name, characteristics, range)

A
  • Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
  • 5 toes on hind limbs, 4 on fore limbs
  • diet consists of crayfish
  • largest salamander in western hemisphere by mass
  • Restricted to 2 specific watersheds
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7
Q

Asiatic land salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family Hynobiidae
  • external fertilization
  • relatively small bodied
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8
Q

Newts and European salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family Salamandridae
  • -No coastal grooves
  • Internal fertilization
  • typically bright colors
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9
Q

Eastern (red-spotted) newt

A
  • Notophthalmus viridescens
  • deposits eggs singly, wrapped in vegetation
  • efts in forests, adults in ponds, lakes, slow-moving rivers
  • very wide range across NY
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10
Q

Mole salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family Ambystomatidae
  • Fossorial
  • breed in late winter/early spring
  • no nasolabian grooves
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11
Q

Pacific giant salamanders (genus and characteristics)

A
  • Genus: Dicamptodon
  • people say this group should be within the Ambystomatidae
  • one of largest terrestrial salamanders
  • BITER
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12
Q

Spotted salamander (name, characteristic, range)

A
  • Ambystoma maculatum
  • Spectacular migrations on first rainy nights of spring
  • Common throughout NY
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13
Q

Jefferson’s Salamander (name, characteristic, range)

A
  • Ambystoma jeffersonianum
  • larger than BSS with elongated legs and toes
  • very patchy range throughout NY
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14
Q

Blue-spotted salamander (name, characteristic, range)

A
  • Ambystoma laterale
  • smaller than JS with short legs
  • prefers sandy or loamy soils
  • statewide distribution but very patchy
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15
Q

Interestiing/unusal things about hybrids of the JS and BSS

A
  • Unisex
  • Parthenogenetic reproduction
  • Polyploidy
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16
Q

Marbled salamander (name, characteristic, range)

A
  • Ambystoma opacum
  • breed in fall, females guard nest
  • Range limited to southern NY, possible due to severe weathers
17
Q

(Eastern) tiger salamander

A
  • Ambystoma tigrinum
  • NY’s largest terrestrial salamander
  • Most widely distributed salamander in NA
  • Restricted to long island in NY
18
Q

Waterdogs, mudpuppies, and the olm (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family Proteidae

- fully aquatic, paedomorphic

19
Q

(Common) Mudpuppy (name, characteristics, range)

A
  • Necturus maculosus
  • 4 toes on all 4 limbs
  • External gills, also breathes through skin
  • spotty range in central/northern NY
20
Q

Torrent salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family Rhyacotritonidae
  • reduced lungs
  • larval stage lasts 3-5 years
21
Q

Amphiumas or Congo eels (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family Amphiumidae
  • heavy bodied- eel-like with 4 tiny limbs
  • Paedomorphic
  • survives drought by burrowing and aestivation for 2+ years
  • different spp distinguished by amount of toes
22
Q

Lungless salamanders (family and characteristics)

A
  • Family Plethodontidae
  • most diverse and species-rich salamander family
  • Cutaneous respiration (breathe through skin)
  • Nasolabial grooves (aid in chemoreception)
23
Q

Northern dusky salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Desmognathus fuscus
  • keeled tail (improves swimming)
  • eye strip
  • distributed widely across NY
24
Q

Allegheny mountain dusky salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Desmognathus ochrophaeus
  • rounded tail
  • ventures further from water than northern dusky
  • wide range across NY, more popular in western NY
25
Q

Northern two-lined salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Eurycea bislineata
  • small, slender
  • females attatch eggs to underside of submerged rocks in streams
  • widely distributed across NY
26
Q

Long-tailed salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Eurycea longicauda
  • tail accounts for ~60% of total length
  • breathes primarily through skin
  • Not popular in NY, reported occurrence only 15
27
Q

Spring salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
  • major predator of other salamanders
  • largest plethodontid in NY
  • good distribution in NY, more popular in SW NY
28
Q

Four-toed salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Hemidactylium scutatum
  • often found in sphagnum moss
  • females guard nest
  • can have communal nests
  • very patchy range across NY
29
Q

Eastern red-backed salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Plethodon cinereus
  • most abundant salamander in NY
  • several colors morphs
  • distributed all across NY
30
Q

Northern slimy salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Plethodon glutinosus
  • called slimy bc in can excrete a sticky, glue like substance from skin
  • restricted range in southern NY, found up to ADK, no further
31
Q

Wehrle’s salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Plethodon wehrlei
  • Xeric habitat
  • webbed feet
  • found in one specific watershed at western PA/NY border
32
Q

Red salamander (name, range, characteristics)

A
  • Pseudotriton ruber
  • golden eyes
  • no white line along (diff from spring salamander) nasolabial grooves
  • found primarily in southern NY, but not in Long Island

Herpetology (8 decks)

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