Exam 3: Blood and Hemostasis

Question 1

Explain properties and layers of blood

Answer 1

• 8% of body’s total weight
• pH range of 7.35-7.45
• Plasma is blood w/o formed elements
• Serum is blood w/o the clotting proteins

Question 2

What are the three layers of herarinied and centrifuged blood?

Answer 2

1. Supernate (plasma)
2. Buffy coat ( leukocytes)
3. Precipitate (sedimented RBCs) largest component

Question 3

What does plasma contain?

Answer 3

albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, lipids (lipoproteins), hormones, vitamins, and salts.

Question 4

How can blood serum be defined?

Answer 4

a protein-rich fluid lacking fribrinogen but containing albumin, immunoglobulins, and other components

Question 5

What is contained in the buffy coat?

Answer 5

leukocytes and platelets, (~1% of blood)

Question 6

Contrast blood in Males vs. Females

Answer 6

• Males:
  
  • 5-6 Liters
  • 44-54% formed elements
  • 47% hematocrit
• Females
  
  • 4-5 Liters
  • 38-48% formed elements
  • 42% hematocrit

Question 7

What are the blood proteins and their properties?

Answer 7

• Fibrinogens
  
  • made in liver
  • function in blood clotting
  • Targer for thrombin
• Albumins
  
  • made in liver
  • exert major osmotic press on B.V. walls
• Globulins
  
  • Immunoglobulins

Question 8

Characteristics of erythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 8

• erythropoietin can influence increase in #
• devoid of granules and organelles
• Major contents
  
  • lipids
  • ATP
  • Carbonic Anhydrase
  • Hemoglobin
• Proteins
  
  • ~50% are integral membrane proteins
  • peripheral proteins: spectrin, actin (ankyrin bound)

Question 9

Identify the slide below

Answer 9

Normal Erthyrocytes

Question 10

Identify the slide below

Answer 10

Sickle Cell erythrocytes

Question 11

What have RBC been useful in studying.

Answer 11

The cortical cytoskeleton

Question 12

What property of RBCs makes studying the plasma membranes and easily isolating the associated proteins.

Answer 12

They have no nucleus or organelles.

Question 13

What is the principal determinate of a RBC shape

Answer 13

cortical cytoskeleton

Question 14

What is the major structural protein of RBCS? What family of actin-binding proteins does it belong to?

Answer 14

Spectrin, calponin family of actin binding proteins

Question 15

Explain the spectrin-actin network of RBCs

Answer 15

a tetramer of two polypeptide chains, α & ß. The ends of spectrin tetramers associate with short actin filaments

Question 16

What does ankyrin do?

Answer 16

Links the spectrin-actin network and the plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a transmembrane protein (band 3)

Question 17

What is Protein 4.1?

Answer 17

It is another link that binds spectin-actin junctions and the transmembrane protein glycophorin.

Question 18

What name is also associated with Neutrophils?

Answer 18

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

Question 19

Describe Leukocytes:

Answer 19

• Nuclear Lobes w/connecting strands
• active amoeboid phagocytes
• small numerous spedific granules
• larger, less numerous azurophilic granules
• 10-12 h in circulation, live 1-2 after leving circulation
• secrete emzyme to destroy bacteria (superoxide)
• release lysozome & lactoferrin for bacterial walls

Question 20

Decribe the cells in the slide below

Answer 20

Neutrophils

Question 21

Describe the cells in the slide below

Answer 21

Neutrophils

Question 22

Describe the cells in the slide below

Answer 22

Neutrophils

Question 23

Describe the cells in the image below

Answer 23

neutrophils

Question 24

Basophils have a lobulated (bilobed) nucleus, what do their large, membrane bound basosophilic granules contain?

Answer 24

• Vasoactive Substance
  
  • serotonin
  • Herparin (anticoagulant)
  • Kallikrein

Question 25

What effect do the leukotrienes produced by basophilic granues have?

Answer 25

* Increase vascular permeability * slow contraction of smooth muscles

Question 26

Eosinophils, like basophils, have a bilobed nucleus, what specific granules do they contain?

Answer 26

* Major basic protein (MBP) * disrupts parasite membrane * causes basophils to relases histomine * Peroxidases * Cationic protein * neutralizes heparin and is anti-parasitic

Question 27

How do Eosinophils function?

Answer 27

* Respond in allergic disease and parasitic infections * Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes and parasites.

Question 28

Identify the granulocyte in the slide below

Answer 28

Eosiniphil

Question 29

Identify the granulocyte in the slide below

Answer 29

Basophil

Question 30

Identify the cell below

Answer 30

Lymphocyte. Notice how the nucleus fills most of cell

Question 31

Explain the nucleus and two different cell lines that arrise from a Lymphocyte:

Answer 31

* Large round, sometimes slightly indented; and it fills most of the cell * B-lymphocytes: bone marrow * precursor of plasma cell * T-Lymphocyte:Thymus * Precursor of T lymphocyte?

Question 32

Identify the cell the blue line is NOT point to.

Answer 32

Monocytes

Question 33

A monocyte is the the largest leukocyte, what does its nucleus look like? What is it a precursor of?

Answer 33

Kidney shaped nucleus, precursor of macrophages and osteoclasts

Question 34

What are platelets derived from and how many can exist per microliter of blood?

Answer 34

Derived from megakaryocytes, 200,000 -400,000/microliter of blood.

Question 35

How do platelets enhance aggregation and what can they promote?

Answer 35

Enhance regulation by release of factors, and they promote clot formation, retraction, and dissolution.

Question 36

How is damage to endothelium repaired?

Answer 36

A platelet plug is formed.

Question 37

T/F adhesion of platelets involves integrins?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

One way platelets can increase platelet aggregation is through the release of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 38

Thromboxane

Question 39

To decrease platelete aggregation, endothelial cells can release \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 39

Prostacyclin

Question 40

Accumulation of blood in tissues is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 40

Hematoma

Question 41

Hemostasis is the elemination of bleeding and the mechanism is most effective in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

capillaries, arterioles, venules

Question 42

5 Steps of hemostatic sequence

Answer 42

* Constriction of smooth muscles around vessels * Constriction of vessels * Slowing of blood * Formation of platelet plug * Blood clotting (coagulation)