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Pathophysiology > Exam 3- Cancer > Flashcards

Exam 3- Cancer Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Explain cancer hallmark of sustained proliferation signaling

A

There is excess cell division
Proto oncogenes —> oncogenes due to environment factors or excess growth factor (point mutation)
Don’t need growth signals to proliferate

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2
Q

Explain cancer hallmark of evading growth suppressors

A

2 mutations are required to deactivate tumor suppressor genes
Out of control speed of cancer oncogene growth

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3
Q

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes

A

Regulate cell cycle
Stop cell division of cells are damaged
Prevent mutations

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4
Q

Explains the cancer hallmark of resisting apoptotic cell growth

A

Cancer gene mutations suppress apoptosis which would normally stop abnormal cell growth
Over expression of anti-apoptosis molecules

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5
Q

Explain the cancer hallmark to enable replication immortality

A

Cancer cells have unlimited cell division
Use telomerase to restore telomere length so they never shorten and signal to stop dividing

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6
Q

Cancer hallmark to induce angiogenesis

A

Cancer cells increase Angiogenic growth factors
Cancer mutations stops angiogenesis inhibitors
Creates its own blood supply
Cancer cells eat extracellular matrix which have stored Angiogenic growth factor

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7
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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8
Q

Explain cancer hallmark to activate invasion and metastasis

A

Breakdown cell barriers —> tumor invasion
Increased cancer cell motility
Metastasize through lymphatics (regional) or blood vessels (systemic)
Bind to platelets to avoid immune response

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9
Q

What is protease

A

Secreted from cancer cells
Digests extracellular matrix and basement membrane
Creates pathways for cancer cells to move

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10
Q

What is dormancy related to cancer metastasis

A

Cancer cells survive in a new environment but don’t immediately proliferate
No symptoms yet

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11
Q

What is epithelial mesenchymal transition

A

Normal epithelial characteristics are lost
- cell adhesion is lost
- increase in migratory capacity
- increases resistance to apoptosis
- loss of cell differentiation

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12
Q

Explain cancer hallmark to reprogram energy metabolism

A

Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis
Bypass cellular respiration and mitochondria

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13
Q

Warburg effect

A

Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis to create product waste needed for cell proliferation

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14
Q

Reverse Warburg effect

A

Cancer cells induce oxidative stress to create metabolites
These help make more atp

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15
Q

Explain cancer hallmark to evade immune destruction

A

Cancer cells create regulatory T cells without an anti-tumor immune response
Creates pro cancer immune response to: remodel tissue, form new blood vessels, and promote metastasis

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16
Q

Mutation with single base change

A

Point mutation

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17
Q

Mutation that provides selective growth advantages

A

Drive mutation

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18
Q

Mutation that doesn’t directly drive cancer development but seen in cells with cancer mutations

A

Passenger mutation

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19
Q

Term referring to increases in gene copies drive cancer growth

A

Gene amplification

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20
Q

Chromosomal translocation and the cancers linked to it

A

Piece of 1 chromosome transferred to another
Linked to leukemia and lymphomas

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21
Q

Term for when normal cells become cancerous after multiple mutations

A

Malignant transformation

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22
Q

Cancer stage with carcinoma in situ

A

Stage 0

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23
Q

Stage of cancer where it is confined to the originating organ

A

Stage 1

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24
Q

Stage of cancer where it is locally invasive; goes into deeper layer

A

Stage 2

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25
Stage of cancer where it spreads to regional structures (ex. Lymph nodes)
Stage 3
26
Stage of cancer where it has spread to distant sites
Stage 4
27
Term for a new tumor
Neoplasm
28
Term for loss of cellular differentiation
Anaplasia
29
Term for cells varying in shape and size
Pleomorphic
30
Meaning of suffix -oma
Tumor or mass
31
Types of benign tumors
Lipoma (fatty tumor) Leiomyoma (smooth muscle uterine tumor)
32
What are carcinomas
Epithelial cancer cells
33
What is adenocarcinoma
Epithelial cell cancer in gland or duct
34
What is sarcoma
Cancer of connective tissue, muscle, or bone
35
What is lymphoma
Cancer of lymphatic tissue
36
What is leukemia
Blood cancer that affects bone marrow
37
Meaning of carcinoma in situ
Abnormal cells are localized and haven’t spread
38
What are the causes of lung cancer
Smoking, second hand smoke, asbestos exposure
39
What are the 2 types of lung cancer
Non small Small cell
40
How does Lung cancer metastasize
Through the blood to: Lymph nodes Brain Bones Liver
41
Manifestations of lung cancer
Hemoptysis (new blood in sputum) Dyspnea Unexplained weight loss
42
What are the diagnostic tests for lung cancer
Sputum cytology Biopsy
43
What are risk factors of breast cancer
Female, 50+ yrs, obesity, alcohol, hormone therapy
44
Mechanism of breast cancer
Gene mutations lead to tumor development in: 1) mammary ducts 2) milk producing glands
45
Manifestations of breast cancer
Thickened breast tissue/ lumps Nipple discharge Nipple retraction Peau d’Orange (dimpling)
46
What are risk factors for colorectal cancer
High red meat consumption Male Black
47
Mechanism of colorectal cancer
Polyps develop into cancer
48
Manifestations of colorectal cancer
Weight loss Hematochezia (fresh blood in stool) Diarrhea Constipation
49
What are diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer
Colonoscopy Double contrast barium enema
50
What parts of the body are affected by leukemia
Blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph’s
51
Mechanism of leukemia
Increase of dysfunctional cells leads to blood flow obstruction Organ failure
52
Manifestations of leukemia
Anemia Thrombocytopenia Bone pain Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly
53
What diagnostics are used for leukemia
Bone marrow and lymph node biopsy
54
Type of lymphoma causing giant multinucleated cells in lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
55
Risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Age 15-30 then 55+ Epstein Barr viral infection
56
Manifestations of Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Mediastinal mass Enlarged lymph nodes
57
Most common hematologic cancer
Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
58
Mechanism of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Malignant neoplasms of B cells, T cells, and NKT cells
59
Risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Environmental factors (radiation) Immunodeficiency disorders
60
General manifestations of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Painless enlarged lymph nodes Elevated BUN/ creatinine
61
General manifestations of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Painless enlarged lymph nodes Elevated BUN/ creatinine
62
What is a manifestation if non-Hodgkin’s gas disseminated to the liver
Hepatomegaly
63
What is a manifestation that non Hodgkin’s has disseminated to the lungs
Shortness of breath
64
What is a manifestation of non Hodgkin’s if disseminated to the brain
Mental status change
65
Diagnostic test for lymphoma
PET scan - lights up lymph nodes and bones
66
Cancer of plasma cells is called _______________ ____________
Multiple myeloma
67
Risk factors for multiple myeloma
40 years old or more Male Black
68
Manifestations of multiple myeloma
Generalized skeletal pain / fractures Hypercalcemia —> renal, GI, neuro symptoms
69
What are the 2 cancer traits
Genomic instability Tumors promote inflammation
70
Mechanism of genomic instability cancer trait
Caretaker genes help tumor suppression and DNA repair Genes deactivated due to environmental factors (Epigenetics) Unstable chromosome structure All contribute to higher risk of cancer
71
Mechanism of tumors promote inflammation cancer trait
1 Inflammation benefits tumor growth & spread 2 Genetic changes in cells —> cellular dysplasia 3 Repeat infections, chemical exposure, and diseases all produce chronic inflammation 4 Altered macrophages block cancer targeting cells
72
What do tumors produce that lewd to the production of altered macrophages
Cytokines Chemokines This bring immature monocytes to the tumor
73
A condition triggered by cancer; often first sign
Paraneoplastic syndrome
74
Mechanism of paraneoplastic syndrome
Symptoms are caused by biological substances or the immune response t other tumor
75
Examples of paraneoplastic syndrome
Renal cancer: polycythemia (excess erythropoietin) Lung cancer: DVTs due to tumor stimulating clotting factor Intracranial cancer: SIADH due to stimulated ADH
76
Why is childhood cancer considered a bimodal structure
Typically affects less 5 years old then 15-19 year old
77
Childhood cancer originates at the …
Mesodermal germ layer
78
Childhood cancer originates at the …
Mesodermal germ layer
79
-blast suffix in childhood cancer means….
Embryonic tumor
80
Characteristics of childhood cancer
Fast growing Metastasize before diagnosis
81
Most common young childhood cancers
Neoroblastoma Acute lymphatic leukemia Brain/CNS cancer
82
Most common adolescent cancers
Thyroid carcinoma Brain/CNS cancer Hodgkin’s lymphoma
83
How tobacco is linked to cancer
Leading preventable cause Contains carcinogens Linked to lung, kidney, pancreas, liver, and colorectal cancers
84
What body processes are impacted by nutrition
Cell proliferation Cell death Cell differentiation Gene regulation DNA damage/ repair
85
What type of cancer relates to nutrition
Colorectal cancer: linked to geographic diet High in red meat, processed meats, alcohol
86
Compound that is toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
Xenobiotic chemicals
87
Mechanism of xenobiotic chemicals
They penetrate lipid membranes leading to cell damage
88
What counter mechanisms are in place against xenobiotic chemicals
Detoxification in liver, lung, and skin stop further circulation Antioxidants metabolize reactive oxygen species from the xenobiotics
89
What in alcohol is considered a carcinogen
Ethanol
90
Types of cancers related to alcohol consumption
Mouth and esophageal cancer Breast cancer Liver cancer Colorectal cancer
91
Mechanism of how alcohol increases cancer risk
Generates reactive oxygen species Alters cell cycle Nutrition deficiencies
92
How does obesity influence cancer risk
Metabolic changes in adipose tissue occur: insulin resistance, hypoxia, chronic inflammation Dysfunctional adipose tissue creates tumor promoting cells
93
How is physical inactivity a cancer risk
Related to obesity factor Risk of breast and colon cancer
94
How ionizing radiation increases risk of cancer
It charges atoms by removing electrons Induces DNA damage/ apoptosis
95
Sources of ionizing radiation and associated cancers
CT/PET scan, atomic bomb, radon gas Acute leukemia, multiple myeloma, thyroid cancer
96
How does UV radiation increase cancer risk
UV can’t penetrate body only the skin Leads to gene mutation + inflammation = activates reactive oxygen species Associated with melanoma and basal cell carcinoma
97
Mechanism of how sexual behavior increases cancer risk
Infections —> chronic inflammation—> cellular dysplasia which decreases immunity
98
H. Pylori is linked to _________ cancer
Gastric
99
What cancers are linked to HPV
Cervical, penial, anal, tongue
100
Hepatitis B and C are linked to ______ cancer
Liver
101
Cancer linked to Epstein Barr virus
Hodgkin’s & Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
102
How chemicals are linked to cancer risks
Chemicals in soil, air, food, water lead to DNA mutations
103
3 type of cancers linked to job occupations
Bladder: dyes and paints Leukemia: shoemakers and dyeing Lung cancer: truck drivers
104
Direct pain
Due to blood flow obstruction, nerve pressure, tissue destruction
105
Indirect pain
Inflammation, referred pain, infection related
106
What is the most frequently related symptom of cancer
Fatigue
107
Cachexia
Fat loss, muscle wasting, inflammation Due to not enough food intake for metabolic changes Experience dysgusia- altered taste and early satiety
108
Symptoms and signs of anemia related to cancer
Fatigue, dizziness, bloody stool, ischemia risk
109
Mechanism of cancer related anemia
Bone marrow malignancy Antiviral Meds Cytotoxic chemo
110
Thrombocytopenia in relation to cancer (definition, cause, signs)
Low platelet count Due to chemo, opportunistic infections, bone marrow invasion Bruising and spontaneous bleeding
111
Term for low total WBC count
Leukopenia
112
Cause of leukopenia in relation to cancer
From chemo, meds, radiation Higher infection risk
113
In relation to cancer what is the main reason for complications or death
Infection due to immunosuppressive cancer or chemo
114
How cancer affects GI tract
Chemo and radiation cause inflammation Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
115
How cancer affects hair and skin
Alopecia due to chemotherapy Dry skin, radiation burns, rashes (petechiae/ purpura)
116
What can be used as possible tumor markers
Hormones, enzymes, genes, antibodies, antigens

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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