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Pathophysiology > Exam 3- Endocrine > Flashcards

Exam 3- Endocrine Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Primary messengers (regarding hormones)

A

Extracellular signaling
Bind to cell receptor site

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2
Q

Secondary messengers (regarding hormones)

A

Intracellular signaling
Released after hormone binds to the receptor

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3
Q

Where do hormones go when they aren’t needed anymore

A

Inactivated by the liver
Excreted by the kidneys

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4
Q

Water soluble hormones characteristics

A

Circulate in blood
Cannot diffuse into cell
Bind to receptors in cell surface
Message sent inward (primary messenger)

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5
Q

Lipid soluble hormone characteristics

A

Made from cholesterol
Diffuse across cell membrane
Bind to intracellular receptors (secondary messengers)

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6
Q

Target cells

A

What the hormones bind to
If they have more receptors—> more sensitive to the hormone

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7
Q

Up regulation

A

If there is a low concentration of hormones the number of receptors increases

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8
Q

Down regulation

A

If there is a high concentration of hormones the number of receptors decreases

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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

When the hormone releases, the physiologic reaction increases
Ex) oxytocin increases labor contractions

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10
Q

Negative feedback

A

The hormone releases brings the body back to homeostasis (reverses the change)
Ex) high calcium in blood—> stops PTH production

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11
Q

Hypothalamus hormones

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone

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12
Q

Pituitary gland hormones

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH
Luteinizing hormone
ADH

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13
Q

Pineal gland hormones

A

Melatonin

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14
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

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15
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

PTH

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16
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

PTH

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17
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

Medulla- catecholamines
Cortex- steroid hormones
—> mineralocorticoid= aldosterone
—> glucosteroid = cortisol
—> androgen = testosterone

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18
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

Glucagon
Insulin

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19
Q

Thyroid gland functions

A

Metabolism, mood, body temp

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20
Q

Parathyroid gland function

A

Regulate serum calcium levels
Stimulate kidneys to activate vitamin D for calcium absorption

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21
Q

Adrenal gland function

A

BP regulation, stress response, sexual development

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22
Q

How does Acromegaly occur

A

Overproduction of growth hormone

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23
Q

Who is at risk for acromegaly

A

40 years or more in age
Both men and women

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24
Q

Cause of acromegaly

A

Benign tumor that stimulates growth hormone

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25
Manifestations of acromegaly
Overgrowth of tissue in hands, feet, face Hyperglycemia
26
How to diagnosis acromegaly
Look at insulin like growth factor Elevated fatty acids
27
Mechanism of hypopituitarism
Decreased production of pituitary hormones
28
Etiologies for hypopituitarism
Decreased pituitary hormone, head, injuries, radiation to head and neck, autoimmune disease
29
Manifestation of hypopituitarism if growth hormone is affected
Lack of ambition Change in body fat % Social isolation
30
Manifestations of hypopituitarism if TSH is affected
Weight gain dry skin constipation cold sensitivity
31
Manifestations of hypopituitarism ACTH is affected
Hypotension fainting frequent/ prolonged infections
32
Manifestations of hypopituitarism, if Luteinizing hormone is affected
Women: irregular period, loss of pubic hair, ability to produce milk Men: mood changes, erectile dysfunction, decreased body hair
33
Mechanism of diabetes insipidus
Low production of ADH or decreased renal response to ADH
34
Etiologies of diabetes insipidus
Brain tumor, CNS infection, renal damage
35
Manifestations of diabetes insipidus
Excessive peeing and thirst hypernatremia tachycardia
36
Mechanism for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Excess release of ADH
37
Risk factors for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
65 years or more Cancer diagnosis
38
Etiologies for SIADH
Brain tumor, meningitis, encephalitis drugs (antipsychotics)
39
Manifestations of SIADH
Low urine output but increased body weight Fatigue Hyponatremia
40
What is a disorder of the pineal gland?
Insomnia
41
What is a disorder of the pineal gland?
Insomnia
42
Mechanism of a goiter
Enlarged thyroid due to insufficient thyroid hormone
43
Etiologies of goiter
The thyroid enlarges to try and capture more iodine for thyroid hormone production
44
What does goiter put you at risk for?
Hyperthyroidism Toxic nodular goiter
45
Risk factors for goiter
Low iodine diet, female, auto immune disease, 40+ yrs
46
Manifestations of goiter
Large bulging neck Dysphasia Dysphagia SOB
47
Dysphasia vs dysphagia
Trouble speaking Trouble swallowing
48
Mechanism leading to hyperthyroidism
Over active thyroid gland or constant release of thyroid hormoneS
49
Who is at risk for hypothyroidism
Female 20-40 years old
50
What is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
51
Etiologies of hyperthyroidism
Auto immune disorder, toxic nodular goiter, excess iodine intake
52
Manifestations of hyperthyroidism
Weight loss diarrhea fatigue restlessness exopthalmus (eye bulging)
53
How to diagnose hyperthyroidism
Radioiodine uptake test
54
Hyp____thyroidism is more common
Hypo
55
Who is at risk for hypothyroidism
Female, critically ill, 65+ years, iodine deficient
56
What gland is the problem in primary hypothyroidism?
Thyroid
57
What gland is the problem and secondary hypothyroidism?
Pituitary
58
What is Myxedema
An advanced form of hypothyroidism with lots of symptoms
59
Manifestations of hypothyroidism
Weight gain, constipation, slurred speech, cold intolerance
60
Who is at risk for thyroid cancer
Female, white or Asian, radiation exposure, goiter history
61
Manifestations of thyroid cancer
Painless but palpable thyroid nodules palpable lymph nodes difficulty swallowing, talking, breathing
62
How to diagnose thyroid cancer
PET scan to check for metastasis
63
Mechanism of hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of PTH Related to hypercalcemia
64
Etiologies of hyperparathyroidism
Primary: tumor or enlargement Secondary: severe calcium deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, CKF
65
How to diagnose hyperparathyroidism
DEXA scan to check bone density
66
Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia hypophosphatemia muscle weakness bone pain
67
Complications of hyperparathyroidism
Osteoporosis, renal failure, kidney stones, fractures
68
Mechanism for hypoparathyroidism
Inadequate PTH and calcium leads to hypocalcemia
69
Etiologies for hypoparathyroidism
Iatrogenic procedures, autoimmune, idiopathic
70
Manifestations of hypoparathyroidism
Tetany, trousseau sign, chvostek sign
71
Why does Cushing syndrome occur
Chronically high cortisol levels ACTH secreting mass on pituitary Inherited
72
How to diagnose Cushing syndrome
Check pituitary and adrenal for masses
73
Addison’s Disease mechanism
Decrease in all adrenal steroids
74
Etiologies of adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison’s disease, adrenal gland infection, cancer
75
Manifestations of adrenocortical insufficiency
Weight loss Hypotension Bronzing of skin
76
Diagnostic tests for adrenocortical insufficiency
Cortisol levels in the morning ACTH hormone stimulating test
77
What does the ACTH stimulating test do
Measures how well adrenal glands respond to ACTH
78
Steps of a ACTH stimulating test
ACTH and cortisol blood levels are drawn Synthetic ACTH is administered After 1hr redraw ACTH and cortisol
79
Normal ACTH stimulating test results
Cortisol levels should increase
80
If adrenal glands are the issue on the ACTH stimulating test
Cortisol and aldosterone both low Cortisol doesn’t increase during test
81
If hypothalamus or pituitary is problem on ACTH stimulating test
At first hormones will respond normally Chronic when adrenal glands atrophy/ low cortisol levels
82
Hyperaldosteronism due to…..
Renal dysfunction from benign adrenal tumor, renal artery stenosis, CKD
83
Manifestations of hyperaldosteronism
Hypertension Headaches Hyoernatremia Hypokalemia= cardiac dysrhythmia
84
How to diagnose hyperaldosteronism
Check aldosterone, sodium, and potassium levels
85
What is pheochromocytoma
A hormone secreting tumor Leads to excess catecholamine secretion
86
Etiology of pheochromocytoma
The tumor periodically turns on and off due to trauma tumor, or stress
87
How to diagnose pheochromocytoma
24 urine collection of: Metanephrines Catecholamines Creatinine
88
Manifestations of pheochromocytoma
Severe hypertension Chest/ab pain Cardiomyopathy Multi organ failure
89
What criteria symptoms must be seen for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome
At least 3: Hyperglycemia Hypertension High triglycerides levels Abdominal obesity Low HDLs
90
3 P’s of Diabetes Manifestations
Polydipsia (increased thirst) Polyuria (increased urination) Polyphagia (increased hunger)

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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