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Pathophysiology > Final Exam- 4 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Final Exam- 4 Cardiovascular Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

condition for structural/functional disorders that impairs ventricle to fill or eject blood; heart can’t pump enough for metabolic demands

A

heart failure

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2
Q

Type of embolism resulting from infectious endocarditis

A

bacterial embolism

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3
Q

type of cardiomyopathy where myocardium becomes rigid/noncompliant related to autoimmune disorders

A

restrict myocardium

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4
Q

Term for infectious lesion on the heart valves

A

vegetations

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5
Q

What is the relationship between heart rate and volume

A

heart beats faster if volume is lost (vice versa)

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6
Q

What is stroke volume

A

available blood in vessels

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7
Q

Manifestations of infective endocarditis

A

positive blood cultures even with antibiotics
septic emboli (lesions on palms & soles)

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8
Q

Where can valvular regurgitation occur

A

aortic
tricuspid
mitral

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9
Q

What are risk factors for infective endocarditis

A

IV drug use
rheumatic fever

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10
Q

Characteristics of NSTEMI myocardial infarction

A

non ST elevation (partial occlusion and less severe)

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11
Q

What is the mechanism process of an aneurysm

A

out pouching that forms due to damage that weakens the artery walls

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12
Q

What is the mechanism process of atherosclerosis

A

accumulated LDL macrophages are in artery walls
lesions form

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13
Q

HDL (definition/function)

A

phospholipids + carrier protein
returns excess cholesterol to liver
eliminated as bile or turned into cholesterol containing steroids

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14
Q

What is cor pulmonale

A

right sided heart failure related to the lungs

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15
Q

condition for when a blood clot that stays attached to artery wall

A

arterial thrombus

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16
Q

causes of pericarditis

A

MI, infection, radiation therapy

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17
Q

type of chest pain the doesn’t resolve with rest; can usually resolve with meds or percutaneous intervention

A

unstable angina

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18
Q

Process of repolarization

A

Na+ closes and K channel opens
K ions leave cells
cells now relax= negative charge

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19
Q

Where do false aneurysms typically occur

A

thoracic or abdominal aorta

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20
Q

Type of embolism where a dislodged thrombus leads to an obstructed vessel

A

thromboembolism

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21
Q

functional change after myocardial infarction where there is temporary loss of contractile function hours to days once perfusion is restored

A

myocardial stunning

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22
Q

Causes of an aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis & hypertension

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23
Q

What are risk factors for Raynaud’s disease

A

young and female
brief cold exposure
emotional stress

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24
Q

Manifestations of peripheral artery disease

A

intermittent claudication (pain on back of legs when walking)
loss of pulses
skin color changes

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25
Manifestations of orthostatic postural hypertension
lightheadedness, dizziness, blurry vision
26
term for the degree of ventricular stretch before the next contraction
preload
27
What occurs in QRS complex
ventricular depolarization atrial repolarization
28
What occurs in T wave
ventricular repolarization
29
Systemic effects of Angiotensin II after MI
peripheral vasoconstriction fluid retention work of myocardial increases--> contractility is overworked
30
equation for cardiac output
stroke volume x HR
31
Process of depolarization
Na+ ions rush into cells= contraction
32
What are hypertension risk factors
female 70+ years male 55+ years black obesity cigarettes alcohol abuse
33
Manifestations of valvular disorders
characteristic heart sounds (extra sounds) cardiac murmurs
34
diverse group of diseases that affects myocardium leading to remodeling
cardiomyopathies
35
What are possible complications of arterial thrombus
grow large enough to block artery= tissue ischemia detaches from vessel wall & travels = tissue ischemia
36
Valvular stenosis
valve constricted/narrowed leads to blood backing up in chambers; hardening of valves
37
How do you classify hypertension
elevated BP 140+/90+
38
What is the #1 source of increased after load
hypertension
39
heart failure that increases pulmonary pressure backs into lungs dyspnea, cough of frothy sputum, orthopnea
left sided heart failure
40
Manifestations of Raynaud's disease/phenomenon
change in skin color on skin (not symmetrical) paresthesias
41
What is cardiac tamponade
fluid accumulates in the sac around the heart--> difficulty pumping
42
hypertension that rapidly progresses, diastolic over 140, and possibility of encephalopathy
malignant hypertension crisis
43
What are manifestations of myocardial infarction
radiating chest pain (arm/back) EKG changes (look at ST) elevated troponin level diaphoresis confusion (w/ STEMI) feeling of dying
44
Normal electrical pathway in heart
SA node --> AV node --> Bundle of HIS/Perkinje
45
VLDL; what it makes up
very low density lipoproteins triglycerides + lipoproteins
46
Complications of MI
death arrhythmia rupture tamponade heart failure valve disease aneurysm of ventricle Dressler's syndrome embolism reoccurrence
47
LDL (definition/function)
cholesterol + carrier protein delivers cholesterol to tissues
48
Type of embolism due to a trauma on long bones leading to formation of fat globs in the blood
fat embolism
49
type of angina with predictable chest pain but resolves with rest
Stable angina
50
Valvular regurgitation
valve doesn't shut completely (incompetence) too much blood moves forward during systole blood moves backward during diastole (back in atria)
51
Manifestations of pericarditis
precordial pain pericardial friction rub at 2nd-4th intercostal spaces ST elevate/T wave flattening pericardial effusion (fluid collection)
52
functional change after myocardial infarction where tissue changes occur in the myocardium as a result of inflammation; becomes not as effective for pumping
myocardial remodeling
53
condition where the systolic/diastolic decreases by 20/10 when standing
orthostatic postural hypertension
54
Manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy
dyspnea, palpitations, dizziness
55
Condition where there of episodes of vasospasming in the arterioles of the fingers
Raynaud's disease
56
What does increase after load lead to
overworking of ventricle ventricular remodeling
57
condition where bolus of matter moves in blood stream but eventually gets stuck and occludes blood flow leading to ischemia
embolism
58
structural change after myocardial infarction where persistently ischemic tissue has metabolic changes to prolong survival
hibernating myocardium
59
type of angina that occurs unpredictably at night; related to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity
prinzmetal angina
60
hypertension due to a systemic disease that increases peripheral vascular resistance or/and cardiac output
secondary hypertension
61
hypertension due to genetics, overactive sympathetic nervous system, and inflammation
primary hypertension
62
Type of cardiomyopathy that thickens myocardium
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
63
What are some factors affecting preload
length of diastole (longer=increased stretch) increased venous return= increases stretch condition of the myocardium affects the ability to stretch condition of kidneys (failure can lead to water retention)
64
What is the mechanism process of arterial thrombus formation
atherosclerosis damges tunica intima --> plaque cap ruptures --> coagulation starts --> blood clot forms around ruptured plaque cap
65
What are the mechanisms of hypertension
increased cardiac output (increases HR & stroke volume) increased peripheral resistance (increases blood viscosity & vasoconstricts)
66
a congenital or acquired dysfunction of one of four heart valves
valvular dysfunction
67
heart failure that back into SVC/IVC increased peripheral venous pressure enlarged liver & spleen distended jugular veins dependent edema
right sided heart failure
68
Where can valvular stenosis occur
aortic and mitral
69
Dressler's syndrome
pericarditis from the MI vessels leak fluid inflammation from WBCs
70
What is the leading cause coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease
atherosclerosis
71
condition where there is vasospasming in the finger arterioles due to a systemic disease, malignancy, long term cold exposure, or vibrating machinery
Raynaud's phenomenon
72
What is the severe risk of deep vein thrombosis
can detach and become a pulmonary emboli
73
Type of aneurysm that involves all three arterial wall layers
true aneurysm
74
What are the common pathogens for infective endocarditis
staph aureus strep
75
Type of embolism when something enters the blood during a trauma or from an IV line
Foreign matter embolism
76
disease where walls thicken due to plaque development
atherosclerosis
77
Characteristics of STEMI myocardial infarction
ST elevation (no blood flow)
78
Type of aneurysm where an extravascular hematoma moves to intravascular space (blood pores in)
False aneurysm
79
What occurs in the P wave
atrial depolarization
80
What is the mechanism process of pericarditis
cardiac tamponade leaks fluid between inner & outer layers
81
Local effects of Angiotensin II after MI
growth factor in heart leads to release of catecholamine leads to coronary artery spasms
82
Type of embolism where room air enters the body circulation
air embolism
83
Causes of atherosclerosis
high fat diet, diabetes, hypertension
84
term for small changes in normal heart rhythm leading to extra or skipped beats
ectopy
85
How does rheumatic fever occur
delayed immune response to a strep infection
86
acute or chronic inflammation of pericardium
pericarditis
87
Manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
angina dyspnea fatigue
88
Manifestations of hypertension
no symptoms early on angina pectoris severe headache vision changes
89
What is the diagnostic test for rheumatic fever
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) to better visualize heart valves
90
chronic thickening/hardening of blood vessel walls
arteriosclerosis
91
condition where local dilation or out pouching of vessel wall occurs
aneurysm
92
What is the most significant cause of organ damage
hypertension
93
term for resistance the heart overcomes to eject blood during systole
afterload
94
What is Virchow's triad
increases risk of deep vein thrombosis 1) venous stasis 2) venous epithelial damage 3) hyper coagulable state
95
Type of embolism where amniotic fluid gets forced into mom's bloodstream
amniotic fluid

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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