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PSYC-101 > Exam 3 (Chapters 8, 9, 12) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Chapters 8, 9, 12) Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q
  1. The five stages of dying postulated by Kubler-Ross is?
A
  • Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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2
Q
  1. The observation that people often seek stimulation and that not all motives are aroused by internal states contradicts the theory of motivation
A

Drive-reduction

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3
Q
  1. The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is?
A

The Growth Spurt

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4
Q
  1. According to Erikson’s theory, the stage of development occurs in old age?
A

Integrity versus despair

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5
Q
  1. Most young adolescents are at the level of thinking which Piaget described as?
A

Concrete operational

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6
Q
  1. In what stage does object permeance happen?
A

Preoperational

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7
Q
  1. Motivation refers to that which
A

energizes the behavior of an organism and directs the behavior of an organism

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8
Q
  1. The concept that a person acts in a certain manner because of an innate predisposition to do so is based on the theory
A

Instinct

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9
Q
  1. Which of the following does NOT support drive-reduction theory?
A

Going jogging when you are bored

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10
Q
  1. An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because:
A

you enjoy reading it

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11
Q
  1. It is believed that the hypothalamus controls
A

long-term mechanisms of body weight

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12
Q

human development

A

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

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13
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence and are influenced by social groups

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14
Q

conformity

A

changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people

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15
Q

social influence

A

process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an indicidual

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16
Q

Groupthink:

A

Occurs when a decision-making group feels that it is more important to maintain group unanimity and cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically

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17
Q

Group polarization:

A

Tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion

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18
Q

Social impairment:

A

Negative influence of others on performance

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19
Q

Social loafing:

A

When a lazy person works in a group, that person often performs less well than if the person were working alone

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20
Q

Social facilitation:

A

Positive influence of others on performance

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21
Q

Attitude:

A

Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward certain people, ideas, objects, or situations

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22
Q

Components of Attitudes:

A

Behavior
Affect
Cognition

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23
Q

Persuasion:

A

Attempt to change another’s attitude via argument, explanation, etc.

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24
Q

Cognitive dissonance:

A

Discomfort arising when one’s thoughts and behaviors do not correspond

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25
Lessening cognitive dissonance:
Change the conflicting behavior Change the conflicting attitude Form a new attitude to justify the behavior
26
Stereotype:
Set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category
27
Social categorization:
Automatic unconscious assignment of a new acquaintance to some category or group
28
Impression formation:
Forming of first knowledge about another person Influenced by primacy effect Part of social cognition
29
Implicit personality theories
are sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are all related and form in childhood.
30
Attribution:
Process of explaining the behavior of others as well as one’s own behavior
31
Types of attribution
Dispositional (internal) Situational (external)
32
Discrimination:
Treating others differently because of prejudice
33
Prejudice:
Negative thoughts and feelings about a particular group
34
In-group:
Social groups with whom a person identifies; “us”
35
Out-group:
Social groups with whom a person does not identify; “them”
36
Interpersonal attraction:
Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person
37
aggression
When one person hurts or tries to destroy another person deliberately, either with words or with physical behavior, psychologists call it aggression
38
Social neuroscience
The study of the relationship between biological systems and social processes and behavior
39
The fetal stage:
The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby
40
Vygotsky:
Stressed importance of social interactions with other people, typically more highly skilled children and adults Scaffolding Zone of proximal development
41
Piaget:
Stressed importance of child’s interaction with objects as a primary factor in cognitive development
42
Attachment:
Bond between infant and caregiver
43
Preconventional
Consequences determine morality Reward = good Punishment = bad
44
Postconventional
Morality decided upon by individual | May conflict with rules and/or accepted norms
45
Conventional
Conforming to society’s norms | Rules/laws
46
motivation
The process by which activities are started, directed, or continued to meet physical or psychological needs
47
Intrinsic motivation:
Act itself is motivating or internally rewarding
48
Extrinsic motivation:
Outcome is separate from person
49
Acquired drives:
learned through experience
50
primary drives
involve the needs of the body
51
Drive:
Need leads to psychological tension and physical arousal
52
Need:
Requirement of material (e.g., food, water) essential for survival
53
Drive-reduction theory:
Act to reduce, satisfy need, and reduce tension
54
sensation seeker
someone who needs more arousal than the average person
55
peak experiences
Times when self-actualization is temporarily achieved
56
self-actualization
lower needs satisfied, full human potential achieved | Growth vs. deficiency needs
57
Self-determination theory (SDT):
Social context of action has effect on type of motivation
58
Glucagon:
Hormone secreted by pancreas | Increases glucose to control levels of fats, proteins, carbohydrates
59
Insulin:
Hormone secreted by pancreas | Reduces glucose to control levels of fats, proteins, carbohydrates
60
Ventromedial hypothalamus:
May be involved in stopping eating when glucose level goes up
61
Lateral hypothalamus:
Appears to influence onset of eating when insulin level goes up
62
Weight set point:
Level of weight body tries to maintain
63
Basal metabolic rate (BMR):
Rate at which body burns energy when resting
64
emotion
feeling part of consciousness
65
Leptin:
Hormone that signals hypothalamus that body has had enough food May play important role in obesity
66
Obesity:
Body weight 20% over ideal weight for given height
67
Three elements of emotion
1. Physical arousal 2. Behavior that reveals emotion 3. Inner awareness of feelings
68
amygdala
fear and facial expressions
69
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
A stimulus (snarling dog) leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (in this case, indicated by shaking) through the autonomic nervous system.
70
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.
71
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
A stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.
72
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory
A stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal (based on the surrounding context), which leads to the experience and labeling of the emotional reaction
73
Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion
A stimulus such as this snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion. The brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it.
74
Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory
A stimulus causes an immediate appraisal (e.g., “The dog is snarling and not behind a fence, so this is dangerous”). The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.

PSYC-101 (3 decks)

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