Final exam (Chapters 13, 14, 15 and some review) Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Psychopathology:
A
The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
2
Q
biological model
A
Disordered behavior and thinking are caused by biological changes
in the chemical, structural, or genetic
systems of the body.
3
Q
Cognitive perspective
A
Maladaptive functioning comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought.
4
Q
Biopsychosocial model
A
Disordered thinking or behavior is the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.
5
Q
Psychodynamic model
A
Abnormal thinking and behavior stem from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious.
6
Q
Behaviorism
A
Abnormal behavior is learned.
7
Q
Cultural relativity:
A
Need to consider norms and customs of another culture when diagnosing person from that culture with a disorder
- Cultural syndromes
8
Q
Sociocultural perspective:
A
Abnormal/normal thinking or behavior is product of behavioral shaping within context of:
- Family influences
- Social group to which one belongs
- Culture within which family and social group exist
9
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A
- First published in 1952
- Revised multiple times as knowledge and ways of thinking about psychological disorders has changed.
- Most recent edition published in 2013, the DSM-5
10
Q
Phobia:
A
Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
11
Q
Social anxiety disorder (social phobia):
A
Fear of negative evaluation in social situations
12
Q
Specific phobias:
A
Fear of particular objects, situations, or events
13
Q
Agoraphobia:
A
Fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
14
Q
Panic disorder:
A
Frequent, disruptive panic attacks
15
Q
Panic attack:
A
Sudden, intense panic; multiple physical and emotional symptoms
16
Q
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
- Feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least six months
- Source of anxiety often cannot be pinpointed
- Worry about things most people would not worry about
17
Q
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
A
- With DSM-5, this disorder is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder.
- Now falls in the category of “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.”
- Obsessive, recurring thoughts create anxiety.
- Compulsive, ritualistic, repetitive behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety.
18
Q
Acute stress disorder (ASD)
A
Occur immediately after a traumic event
19
Q
Posttraumatic stress disorder:
A
Symptoms include persistent ASD lasting longer than a month or can emerge as late as six months after trauma
20
Q
Acute stress disorder (ASD)
and
Posttraumatic stress disorder
A
Both disorders are no longer classified as anxiety disorders in the DSM-5
21
Q
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
- Psychodynamic:
A
Repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, create anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior or thinking
22
Q
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
- Behavioral
A
Disordered behavior learned through operant and classical conditioning techniques
23
Q
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
- Cognitive
A
Excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes
24
Q
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
- Biological
A
Nervous system dysfunction, genetic transmission
25
Bipolar and Related Disorders and Depressive Disorders
Affect: An emotional reaction
| Disorders of mood: Disturbances in emotion ranging from mild to moderate, or can be extreme
26
Major Depressive Disorder:
Severe depression, sudden, no apparent external cause
Most common of the diagnosed disorders of mood
1.5 to 3 times more likely in women as it is in men
27
Bipolar I Disorder:
Mood spans from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression
28
Bipolar II Disorder:
Normal mood with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania
29
Bipolar Disorder and ADHD
Possible connection between ADHD and adolescent onset of bipolar disorder.
Significantly higher rates of ADHD among relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder.
Irrational thinking and mania are common in bipolar not present in ADHD.
Hyperactivity can be present in both disorders.
30
Causes of Disordered Mood
| - Behavioral
Link depression to learned helplessness
31
Causes of Disordered Mood
| - Cognitive
See depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking
32
Causes of Disordered Mood
| - Biological
Variation in neurotransmitter levels or specific brain activity; genes and heritability play a part
33
Anorexia Nervosa
BMI less than 18.5 in adults
| Vomiting, laxative abuse, food restriction, and excessive exercise used to control food intake
34
Bulimia Nervosa
Binging large quantities of food with attempts to rid self of food through inappropriate means
35
Binge Eating Disorder
Uncontrolled binge eating, but no attempts to purge or use inappropriate methods to avoid weight gain
36
Causes of Eating Disorders
- Adolescents and young adults are most at risk.
- Eating disorders have been observed in non-Western cultures that are not focused on thinness.
- Genetic components for eating disorders account for 40 to 60 percent of the risk for anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder.
37
Dissociative disorders:
Break in conscious awareness, memory, and/or sense of identity
38
Dissociative amnesia:
Memory loss for personal information, either partial or complete
- Can occur with or without dissociative fugue, sudden travel away from home with amnesia for trip and possibly personal identity
39
Dissociative identity disorder:
Person seems to have two or more distinct personalities
40
Causes of Dissociative Disorders
| - PSYCHODYNAMIC:
Point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety
41
Causes of Dissociative Disorders
| - COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL
Trauma-related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain
42
Causes of Dissociative Disorders
| - BIOLOGICAL:
Lower than normal activity levels in areas responsible for body awareness; depersonalization disorder
43
Schizophrenia:
Severely disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, inability to separate fantasy from reality
44
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
| - POSITIVE
Excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior
Delusions: Unshakeable, false beliefs
Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that don’t exist
45
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
| - NEGATIVE
Less than, or an absence of, normal behavior
Poor attention
Flat affect: A lack of emotional responsiveness
Poor speech production
46
Causes of Schizophrenia
- Positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of the brain; negative with lower dopamine activity
- Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development
47
Causes of Schizophrenia
- Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated
| - Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies
48
Causes of Schizophrenia
- Biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000
49
Causes of Schizophrenia
Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development
50
Personality disorders:
Persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction
51
Borderline personality disorder:
- Moody
- Unstable sense of identity
- Clings to others
- More common in women
52
Antisocial personality disorder:
- Disorder is more common in men.
- Symptoms:
- May habitually break the law, disobey rules, or tell lies with no regard for others’ feelings.
- Indifferent, or able to rationalize taking advantage of or hurting others.
- Disorder is more common in men.
53
Causes of Personality Disorders
| - COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL:
Specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief systems
54
Causes of Personality Disorders
| - GENETIC FACTORS:
Biological relatives of people with personality disorders more likely to develop similar disorders
55
Causes of Personality Disorders
| - STRESS TOLERANCE:
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are emotionally unreactive to stress or threat, and have lower than normal levels of stress hormones
56
Causes of Personality Disorders
| - FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS:
Linked to disturbances in family communications and relationships
57
Therapy
Treatment to make people feel better and function more effectively
58
Early Treatment
```
1500s:
Mentally ill confined to asylums
Treatments harsh, often damaging
Philippe Pinel:
Psychiatrist
Demanded humane treatment of the mentally ill
```
59
Psychotherapy:
Involves a person talking to a psychological professional about the person’s problems
- Insight
- Action
- Goals
60
Biomedical therapy:
Uses a medical procedure to bring about changes in behavior
- Drugs
- Surgical methods
- Electric shock treatments
61
Psychoanalysis:
Therapy to reveal unconscious conflicts
- Dream interpretation
- Manifest content
- Latent content
- Free association
- Resistance
- Transference
62
Psychodynamic therapy:
Modern therapy with roots in psychoanalysis
- More focus on ego transference
- Shorter treatment
- More directive: Therapist actively gives interpretations of client’s statements and may suggest certain behavior, actions
63
Interpersonal Therapy
- Insight therapy
- Focuses on relationships and the events of everyday life
- Derived from psychoanalysis
- Does have research support for its effectiveness in treating depression.
64
Person-centered therapy
Nondirective insight therapy
Based on work of Carl Rogers
Client talks, therapist listens
65
Four Elements of Rogers’s Therapy
- Authenticity
- Empathy
- Inconditional positive regard
- Reflection
66
Motivational Interviewing
- “Client-centered therapy with a twist” (Arkowitz and Miller).
- Four principles
- Express empathy
- Develop discrepancy between client’s present behaviors, values
- Roll with resistance
- Support the client’s self-efficacy
67
Gestalt therapy:
Client accepts all of self; directive, role playing, leading questions confrontation of clients’ statements
- Originated by Fritz Perls
- “Empty-chair” technique
68
Evaluation of Humanistic Therapies
- Broad application in career, workplace, marriage, etc.
- Works best with intelligent, highly verbal persons
- Not based in experimental research
69
Behavior therapies:
Action therapies focused on behavior, not causes
- Classical and operant conditioning
Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis: Change behaviors via learning techniques
70
Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis:
Change behaviors via learning techniques
71
Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning
| - Systematic desensitization:
For treating phobias
- Step 1: Relaxation training
- Step 2: Fear hierarchy
- Step 3: Progressive exposure
72
Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning
| - Exposure therapy:
Introduces clients to situations related to their anxieties under controlled conditions
- Graded exposure: Slow, gradual exposure
- Flooding: Rapid, intense exposure
- EMDR
73
Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning
| - Aversion therapy:
Undesirable behavior paired with aversive stimulus
74
Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning
| - Modeling:
Learning via observation and imitation
| - Participant modeling: Model takes client through step-by-step process for desired behavior
75
Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement: Strengthening of response by following it with a pleasurable consequence (positive reinforcement) or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (negative reinforcement)
- Token economy: Reinforcers earned and exchanged for desired things
- Contingency contract: Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements, penalties
76
Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning
| - Extinction:
Remove reinforcer, reduce undesirable behavior
| Time Out: Removal from situation that reinforces undesirable behavior
77
Evaluation of Behavior Therapies
- Effective treatment of specific problems
- Control symptoms quickly and effectively
- Not effective with serious psychological disorders overall, but can improve specific symptoms
78
Selective thinking
Focusing on only one aspect of the situation
79
Overgeneralization
Making sweeping conclusions based on only one incident
80
Magnification and minimization
Negative events blown out of proportion; positive events ignored
81
Arbitrary inference
Jumping to conclusions without evidence
82
Personalization
Assuming too much personal responsibility
83
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT):
Learning to think more rationally and logically
Three goals:
1. Relieve symptoms and solve problems
2. Develop strategies for solving future problems
3. Help change irrational, distorted thinking
84
Cognitive Therapies
| - Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT):
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
| Irrational beliefs challenged and restructured
85
Evaluation of Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
- Relatively less expensive and short-term
- Effective for depression, stress, anxiety
- Criticized for focusing on symptoms and not causes of disordered behavior
- Potential bias in therapist’s opinions
86
Types of Group Therapy
- Family counseling (family therapy): Family members meet together with a counselor
- Self-help groups (support groups): Group of people with similar problems meet together without therapist
87
Group Therapy
Disadvantages:
- Must share therapist’s time
- Lack of private setting in which to reveal concerns
- Individuals with severe disorders or symptoms may be unable to tolerate group
88
Group Therapy
Advantages:
- Lower cost
- Exposure to others with similar problems
- Social interaction with others
- Social and emotional support
- Effective for people with social anxiety
89
Evaluation of Group Therapy
- Most useful for people who cannot afford individual therapy
- Can provide a great deal of social and emotional support and validation
90
Effectiveness of psycotherapy
Surveys and studies
- 75 to 90 percent of those treated feel therapy helped
- Longer a person stays in therapy, the better the improvement
- Certain therapies better for certain problems
- No one method effective for all problems
91
Characteristics of Effective Therapy
- Matching therapy to client and problem
- Therapeutic alliance: Warm, caring, accepting, empathic, respectful relationship between therapist and client
- Protected setting
- Opportunity for catharsis
- Learning and practice of new behaviors
- Positive experiences
92
Evidence-Based Treatment
- Refers to techniques that produce desired changes in controlled studies
- Includes systematic reviews of information ranging from assessment to intervention
93
Evidence-Based Treatment
Examples
- Exposure therapies
- Cognitive–behavioral therapies
- Cognitive processing for PTSD
- Cognitive–behavioral treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia
- Cognitive–behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder
- Cognitive therapy for depression
- Antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
- Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression
94
Four barriers to effective psychotherapy:
- Culture-bound values
- Class-bound values
- Language
- Nonverbal communication
95
Biomedical therapies:
Affect biological functioning of body and brain
96
Psychopharmacology:
Use of drugs to relieve symptoms of disorders
97
Antidepressant drugs:
Treat depression and anxiety
- Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Tricyclics
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
98
Antipsychotic drugs:
Treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations
99
Antianxiety drugs:
Calm anxiety reactions
100
Antimanic drugs:
Treat symptoms of mania (e.g., manic phase of bipolar disorder)
101
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):
Delivery of an electric shock to either one side or both sides of a person’s head
- Quick, short-term treatment for severe depression
102
Psychosurgery:
Surgery on brain tissue to relieve symptoms of severe psychological disorders
- Prefrontal lobotomy: Connections between pre-frontal cortex
- Transorbital lobotomy
- Bilateral anterior cingulotomy: Deep lesioning of cingulate gyrus via electrode
103
Psychosurgery, Emerging technologies:
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
- Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
104
Virtual reality therapy:
- Computer-based simulation of environments
- Can be used to treat disorders such as phobias and PTSD
- Less risk than that of actual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli
- Particularly useful as a delivery system for exposure therapy
105
personality
```
Unique
and
stable
ways
people
think,
feel,
and
behave
```
106
Temperament
Enduring characteristics each person is born with
107
Character
Value judgments of morality and ethics
108
Four Traditional Perspectives
- psycohodynamic
- behavioral
- humanistic
- trait
109
Sigmund Freud
- Founder, psychoanalytic movement
- Cultural background
- Victorian era
- Sexual repression, sex for procreation, mistresses satisfied men’s “uncontrollable” sexual desires
110
Psychological defense mechanisms:
Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
111
Fixation:
Unresolved psychosexual stage conflict
| - “Stuck” in stage of development
112
Psychosexual stages:
Five stages of personality
| Tied to sexual development
113
LATENCY STAGE
- Age 6 to puberty
| - Sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills
114
PHALLIC STAGE
3 to 6 years
Superego develops
Sexual feelings
Oedipus complex / Electra complex
115
Oral stage
- First stage, first 18 months
- Mouth = erogenous zone
- Weaning is primary conflict
116
Anal stage
18-36 months
- Ego develops
- Toilet training conflict
- Expulsive vs. retentive personalities
117
Genital stage
- Puberty on
| - Sexual feelings consciously expressed
118
Jung:
Personal and collective unconscious, archetypes
119
Adler:
Inferiority and compensation, birth-order theory
120
Horney:
Basic anxiety and neurotic personalities
121
Erikson:
Social relationships across the lifespan
122
Trait
Consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
123
Conditional positive regard:
Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
124
Unconditional positive regard:
Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached
125
Behaviorists define personality as:
a set of learned responses or habits.
126
Social cognitive theorists emphasize:
the importance of others’ behaviors and one’s own expectations.
127
Reciprocal Determinism:
Environment, characteristics of the person, and behavior itself all interact
128
Self-Efficacy:
Perception of one’s competence in a certain circumstance
129
Personality is set of potential responses to various situations, including:
- Locus of control
| - Sense of expectancy
130
Humanistic view:
Focuses on traits that make people uniquely human
| - Reaction against negativity of psychoanalysis and behavioral determinism
131
Self-Actualizing tendency
Striving to fulfill innate capabilities
132
Self-Concept
Image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one’s life
133
Real self:
One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
134
Ideal self:
What one should or would like to be
135
Allport: Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system
Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system
136
Cattell:
Reduced number of traits to between 16 and 23 with statistical method called factor analysis
137
Surface traits:
Can be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Example: Shyness, being quiet, avoiding crowds
138
Source traits:
More basic traits forming core of personality
| Example: Introversion is source trait in which people withdraw
139
The Big Five
- Openness
- Neuroticism
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
140
Behavior genetics:
Study of heredity and personality
| - Selective breeding of animals leading to predictable temperaments
141
Hofstede’s Four Dimensions
- Individualism/Collectivism
- Power distance
- Masculinity/Femininity
- Uncertainty avoidance
142
Personality inventory:
Questionnaire with standard list of questions
- Response format: Yes, no, can’t decide, etc.
- Include validity scales to prevent cheating, but such measures are not perfect
143
NEO-PI:
Based on the five-factor model
144
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:
Based on Jung’s theory of personality types
145
MMPI-2:
Designed to detect abnormal behavior and thinking patterns in personality
146
Direct observation:
Professional observes client; clinical or natural settings
- Rating scale: Numeric value assigned to specific behavior
- Frequency count: Frequency of behaviors is counted
Problems:
- Observer effects/bias
- Lack of control
147
Projective tests:
- Projection: Projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others
- Projective tests: Ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind
- Rorschach inkblot test: 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations
- Subjectivity problems with projective tests
148
Halo effect:
Allowing client’s positive traits to influence assessment of client
149
Interview:
Professional asks questions of client, structured or unstructured
150
After-image
Opponent process theory
