exam #3; fall 2012 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
testosterone is a major sex hormone in men
A
true
2
Q
there are no differences between a fetus and embryo
A
false
3
Q
the secondary sex characteristics (beard, body hair, muscling) develop in the human female under the influence of testosterone
A
false
4
Q
epinephrine is a steroid hormone released as part of the “fight or flight” response
A
false
5
Q
steroid hormones are made from cholesterol
A
true
6
Q
the sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the process of erection
A
false
7
Q
the mullerian ducts develop into the ovaries, uterus, and the posterior vagina in the female
A
true
8
Q
large number of spermatozoa make up the majority (most) of the contents of semen
A
false
9
Q
melanocytes are responsible for the sleep-wake cycle in humans
A
false
10
Q
the haploid spermatozoan nucleus joins with the nucleus of the ovum creating fertilized ovum that rapidly implants into the wall of the uterus
A
false
11
Q
following fertilization, the conceptus undergoes cell division going to a 2 cells stage to 4 cell stage to 8 cell stage to morulla to blastocyte with the cells getting progressively smaller
A
true
12
Q
the labia minora develop from the labioscrotal folds in the female during ‘in utero’ development
A
false
13
Q
the average man ejaculates about 20 ml of semen containing about 50 million spermatozoa
A
false
14
Q
the first milk produced is called colostrum and is high in antibodies that cross the gastrointestinal wall of the newborn infant providing active immunity against diseases
A
false
15
Q
all hormones are transported in the blood bound to specific binding proteins
A
false
16
Q
all the mitotic divisions of the cells that develop into the ovum are completed during ‘in utero’ development
A
true
17
Q
rupture of the graffian follicle and the release of the ovum are provoked by the hormone, luteinizing hormone
A
true
18
Q
during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the uterine myoepithelial and perimetrial cells undergo growth and development
A
false
19
Q
during ejaculation, spermatozoa are deposited directly into the uterus of women
A
false
20
Q
the parasympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the process of erection
A
true
21
Q
aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex in responce to angiotensin II
A
true
22
Q
epinephrine increase both blood flow to the muscles and the concentration of glucose in the blood
A
true
23
Q
the cells that ultimately develop into gametes are the primordial germ cells and these migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges
A
true
24
Q
gluconeogenesis is the process by which glycogen is synthesized in the liver
A
false
25
the primary sex or reproductive organ of a women is the uterus
false
26
stages of human development include: the ramulla, blastocyte, embryo, fetus and neonate
false
27
nitric oxide (together with cGMP) plays a critical role in the process of erection
true
28
the medulla of the indifferent gonad develops into the ovary if there is no functioning SRY gene
false
29
all human embryos that are XX become female
false
30
examples of steroid hormones are progesterone, cortisol, estradiol, and epinephrine
false
31
steroid hormones act by binding to receptors on the surface of the cell membranes of target tissues
false
32
surprisingly, the uterus has no ligaments supporting it
false
33
cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress with stress increasing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland via the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin releasing hormones
true
34
milk is let down from the alveoli in the mammary gland by a neuro-endocrine reflex with suckling leading to the release of oxytocin from the anterior pituitary gland and this in turn causing valves in the mammary gland to relax
false
35
the placenta does no allow maternal antibodies to cross the fetus thereby preventing rejection
false
36
the average man ejaculates about 5 ml of semen containing about 250 million spermatozoa
true
37
the alpha cells in the endocrine pancreas produce glucagon in response to low blood glucose
true
38
the menstrual cycle of the woman differs from the estrus cycle in other mammals as coitus can occur at any time of the menstrual cycle
true
39
the mother's heart pumps blood around the fetus
false
40
a 26 week fetus was conceived 26 weeks earlier
false
41
which of the following statements are required for something to be a hormone:
a. chemical messenger
b. influences targe tissues to respond in a specific manner
c. produced by an endocrine gland
d. travels to the target tissue via the blood stream
HORMONE: all of the above
a. chemical messenger
b. influences targe tissues to respond in a specific manner
c. produced by an endocrine gland
d. travels to the target tissue via the blood stream
42
which is the correct pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive system:
a. vagina, uterus, cervix, utero-tubal junction, oviduct
b. vagina, cervix, uterus, utero-tubal junction, oviduct
c. vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, utero-tubal junction
d. vagina, uterus, cervix, oviduct, utero-tubal junction
pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive system:
vagina, cervix, uterus, utero-tubal junction, oviduct
43
mullerian inhibitory hormone is produced by the embryonic testis. it INHIBITS:
a. growth of paramesonephric ducts
b. formation of female ducts
c. development of the secondary glands of the male
d. a and c
e. none of the above
mullerian inhibitory hormone INHIBITS:
growth of paramesonephric ducts
development of the secondary glands of the male
44
for an erection to occur, blood accumulates in what structures in the penis:
a. hypophyseal arteries
b. corpora cavernosa
c. corpus spongiosum
d. none of the above
e. b and c
blood accumulates in what structures
corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum
45
the prostate gland:
a. secretion contains citrate, calcium, and proteins
b. empties into the urethra
c. produces pre-ejaculate fluids and these lubricate the head of the penis for intromission
d. a and b
c. none of the above
prostate gland
secretion contains citrate, calcium, and proteins
empties into the urethra
46
the parasympathetic nervous system:
a. triggers the release of nitric acid
b. stimulated after an orgasm
c. stimulated during excitement, leading to an erection
d. a and c
e. none of the above
the parasympathetic nervous system:
triggers the release of nitric acid
stimulated during excitement, leading to an erection
47
Type II diabetes is caused by:
a. insulin resistance
b. hypo secretion of insulin
c. breakdown of beta-cells in the pancreas
d. a and c
e. all of the above
Type II diabetes
insulin resistance
48
what hormones are released from the posterior pituitary:
a. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
c. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. Growth hormone (GH)
e. all of the above
f. none of the above
posterior pituitary
ADH, oxytocin
NOT
FSH, TSH, LH, GH
49
the cortex of the adrenal gland contains both the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata. collectively, they are responsible for secreting:
a. epinephrine, norepinphrine
b. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
c. glucocorticids (cortisol)
d. 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D
e. b and c
f. all of the above
zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata secrete:
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticids (cortisol)
50
LH (luteinizing hormone) has what function in the male
a. stimulating spermatogenesis
b. stimulating secretion of follicle stimulating hormone
c. stimulating follicle growth
d. stimulating production of testosterone
e. none of the above
LH function in male
stimulating production of testosterone
51
what is true about melatonin
a. increased amounts are produced during the day
b. produced by pineal gland
c. responsible for the cesarean rhythm
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
TRUE melatonin
produced by the pineal gland
52
what hormones have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland:
a. triodothyronine inhibits release of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and hence release of TSH
b. Progesterone inhibits release of GnRH and hence release of LH
c. Testosterone inhibits release of GnRH and hence release of LH
d. All of the above
e. none of the above
Negative Feedback effect:
triodothyronin --> TRH --> TSH
Progesterone --> GnRH --> LH
Testosterone --> GnRH ---> LH
53
excess production of growth hormone can result in:
a. abnormal growth (giantism) if present in childhood
b. abnormal growth of bones in face and hands after puberty
c. problems in carbohydrate metabolism
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
excess production of growth hormone can result in:
a. abnormal growth (giantism) if present in childhood
b. abnormal growth of bones in face and hands after puberty
c. problems in carbohydrate metabolism
54
cortisol:
a. it stimulates the production of glucose from amino-acids in the muscles. the glucose is then released into the bloodstream
b. it is released in response to stress such as bungee jumping in the short term and unemployment longterm
c. insufficient production of cortisol is called cushing's syndrome with wasting of the arms and legs, development of buffalo obesity and and the moon face
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
cortisol
it is released in response to stress such as bungee jumping in the short term and unemployment longterm
55
milk is produced from the mammary glands to nourish the infants:
a. human milk is identical to cow's milk
b. milk production is stimulated by prolactin with prolactin released when there is suckling
c. milk is let down (forced out) of the mammary glands by contractions of the alveolar epithelial cells
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
milk is produced from the mammary glands to nourish the infants:
milk production is stimulated by prolactin with prolactin released when there is suckling
56
what is true about the uterus:
a. there are three major layers: the glandular endometrium. myometrium (smooth muscle), and perimetrium (connective tissue)
b. the endometrium is stimulated by estradiol and progesterone
c. the myometrium contracts during labor
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
what is true about the uterus
there are three major layers: the glandular endometrium. myometrium (smooth muscle), and perimetrium (connective tissue)
the endometrium is stimulated by estradiol and progesterone
the myometrium contracts during labor
57
various approaches to fertility control have different effectiveness: OF 100 COUPLES
a. who practice no birth control, 50% will be prego within a year
b. who use condoms 5% will be prego within a year
c. who use withdraw method 85% will be prego within a year
d. none of the above
none of the above
58
insulin has the following characteristics:
a. it is released in response to increased blood concentrations of glucose and release in incretin, hormones from gastro-intestinal tract
b. it is a protein/ polypeptide hormone
c. very low production following destruction of the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas is the cause of type I diabetes (mellitus)
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
insulin:
it is released in response to increased blood concentrations of glucose and release in incretin, hormones from gastro-intestinal tract
it is a protein/ polypeptide hormone
very low production following destruction of the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas is the cause of type I diabetes (mellitus)
59
thyroid hormones have:
a. each thyroxine molecule has four iodine atoms while triiodothyonine has three
b. thyroxine and triidothyronine are considered as protein/polypeptide hormones
c. triiodothyronine is the active thyroid hormone
d. a and c
e. all of the above
thyroid hormones:
each thyroxine molecule has four iodine atoms while triiodothyonine has three
triiodothyronine is the active thyroid hormone
60
NOT correct:
a. in the indifferent stage of fetal development the male and female gonads appear to be the same
b. The XY genotype always gives a male phenotype
c. if a functioning SRY gene is present, it causes the development, it causes the development of the fetus
d. the primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges during embryonic development
e. all of the above
NOT correct:
The XY genotype always gives a male phenotype
61
in the indifferent stage of fetal development the male and female gonads appear to be the same
true
62
if a functioning SRY gene is present, it causes the development, it causes the development of the fetus
true
63
the primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges during embryonic development
true
64
the paramesonephric duct:
a. its development is stimulated by mullerian inhibitory factor
b. stimulated by testosterone
c. it develops into the uterus, oviduct/uterine tubules, cervix and part of the vagina in females
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
the paramesonephric duct:
it develops into the uterus, oviduct/uterine tubules, cervix and part of the vagina in the female
65
the disadvantages of oral contraceptives for fertility control are the following:
a. the testosterone in them cause increased body and facial hair
b. there are only effective when taken as directed
c. there are no side effects
d. a and c
e. none of the above
the disadvantages of oral contraceptives for fertility control are the following
there are only effective when taken as directed
66
advantages of vasectomy include the following:
a. there is increased release of testosterone
b. it is very effective in preventing pregnancy
c. surgery only requires local anesthesia
d. b and c
e. none of the above
advantages of vasectomy
it is very effective in preventing pregnancy
surgery only requires local anesthesia
67
concerning the uterus, which of the following statements are FALSE:
a. in a non-prego woman, the myometrium is about 1.25cm thick
b. the myometrium is composed of smooth muscle
c. the endometrium is the site for implantation
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Uterus false
in a non-prego woman, the myometrium is about 1.25cm thick
68
the myometrium is composed of smooth muscle
true
69
the endometrium is the site for implantation
true
70
TRUE in terms of the regulation of temperature that exists in the testes:
a. the testes descend in order to maintain a cooler temperature than the body to allow for sperm production
b. the pampiniform plexus helps cool arterial blood moving from body to testes and warm the venous blood moving from testes to body
c. muscles contract to move the testes closer to the body when testes temperatures is too low
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
TRUE in terms of the regulation of temperature that exists in the testes
the testes descend in order to maintain a cooler temperature than the body to allow for sperm production
pampiniform plexus helps cool arterial blood moving from body to testes and warm the venous blood moving from testes to body
muscles contract to move the testes closer to the body when testes temperatures is too low
71
the testes descend in order to maintain a cooler temperature than the body to allow for sperm production
true
72
muscles contract to move the testes closer to the body when testes temperatures is too low
true
73
the pampiniform plexus helps cool arterial blood moving from body to testes and warm the venous blood moving from testes to body
true
74
true concerning menstrual cycle:
a. there is release of estrogen from the developing follicle
b. ovulation occurs about 14 days after the first day of menses
c. the endometrium becomes thicker under the influence of both estrogen and progesterone
d. all ove the above
e. none of the above
true concerning menstrual cycle:
there is release of estrogen from the developing follicle
ovulation occurs about 14 days after the first day of menses
the endometrium becomes thicker under the influence of both estrogen and progesterone
75
there is release of estrogen from the developing follicle
true
76
ovulation occurs about 14 days after the first day of menses
true
77
the endometrium becomes thicker under the influence of both estrogen and progesterone
true
78
true about spermatozoa:
a. spermatozoa contains a package of enzymes called an acrosome, which allows them to penetrate the layers around the ovum
b. spermatozoa contains 46 chromosomes
c. there is little to no protein synthesis within a sperm cell
d. a and c
e. all of the above
TRUE spermatozoa:
spermatozoa contains a package of enzymes called an acrosome, which allows them to penetrate the layers around the ovum
there is little to no protein synthesis within a sperm cell
79
there is little to no protein synthesis within a sperm cell
true
80
spermatozoa contains a package of enzymes called an acrosome, which allows them to penetrate the layers around the ovum
true
81
fertilization normally occurs when the ovum is:
a. anywhere in the oviduct (or Fallopian or uterine tubes)
b. at the ampullar-isthmic junction in the oviduct
c. in the uterus
d. in the ovary
e. none of the above
fertilization normally occurs when the ovum is:
at the ampullar-isthmic junction in the oviduct
82
interstitial (Leydig) cells do the following:
a. produce testosterone
b. provide nutrients to developing spermatozoa
c. cool the testes
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
interstitial (Leydig) cells
produce testosterone
83
an individual with the genotypes will have the following characteristics:
a. XX (no SRY gene) - female external genitalia and functioning ovary
b. XX with SRY gene transposed- male external genitalia and functioning testes
c. XO genotype (Turner's syndrome)- female external genitalia but non-functioning ovary
d. XXX female-external genitalia and functioning ovary
all of the above
84
XX (no SRY gene) - female external genitalia and functioning ovary
true
85
XX with SRY gene transposed- male external genitalia and functioning testes
true
86
XO genotype (Turner's syndrome)- female external genitalia but non-functioning ovary
true
87
XXX female-external genitalia and functioning ovary
true
88
parturition has the following characteristics:
a. there are two phases with transition between them
b. the strongest conditions of the myometrium occur during phase 2 of parturition culminating when the baby is born
c. the placenta normally breaks down in the uterus after the delivery
d. all ove the above
e. non of the above
none of the above
89
parturition
there are two phases with transition between them
false
90
parturition
the strongest conditions of the myometrium occur during phase 2 of parturition culminating when the baby is born
false
91
parturition
the placenta normally breaks down in the uterus after the delivery
false
92
hormones are measured for the following reasons:
a. if human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is present in a woman's urine, this is an indicator of prego
b. if growth hormone (GH) is pathologically high, this is a very good indicator of acromegaly
c. luteinizing hormone (LH) is measured to show whether ovulation is about to occur
all of the above
93
if human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is present in a woman's urine
this is an indicator of prego
94
if growth hormone (GH) is pathologically high
this is a very good indicator of acromegaly
95
luteinizing hormone (LH) is measured to show
whether ovulation is about to occur
96
best describe the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
a. it is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland from the precursor proopiomelanocortin
b. its release is stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone
c. it binds to receptors on the cell membrane in the adrenal cortex
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
all of the above
97
it is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland from the precursor proopiomelanocortin
the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
98
its release is stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone
the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
99
it binds to receptors on the cell membrane in the adrenal cortex
the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
100
which of the following is true about the hormone progesterone:
a. it is released from the pre-ovulatory follicle
b. it allows prego to occur
c. it increases immunity and blood levels of glucose
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
progesterone
allows pregnancy to occur
101
the hormone progesterone is released from the corpus luteum after ovulation under stimulation from human chorionic gonadotropin and acts to allow pregnancy
true
102
if fasting glucose concentrations are elevated, this is important diagnostic of diabetes insipidus
false
103
according to the national institutes of health, the most common form of cancer resulting in death of men over 75 is prostate cancer
true
104
the embryo develops from the inner mass of trophoblast
true
105
secretions of the seminal vesicles make up about 25% of semen and contain lactose
false
