Gastro-Intestinal Flashcards
(276 cards)
1
Q
accessory organs of digestion
A
a. salivary glands
b. teeth
c. tongue
d. liver
e. pancreas
2
Q
salivary glands
A
- parotid
- sub-mandibular
- sub-lingual
3
Q
saliva
A
- water
- mucus (lubrication)
- amylase
- lipase
- lysozyme
- immunoglobulin A (antibacterial)
4
Q
teeth
A
biting, chewing
mastication
5
Q
stomach ulcers can be caused by:
A
- infection with type of bacteria called helicobacterpylori
- painkillers (NSAIDS) -asprin/ibuprofen
- excess acid production
6
Q
tongue
A
- manipulating the food
2. taste buds
7
Q
taste buds
A
chemoreceptors
8
Q
tongue can detect
A
salt, sweet, bitter, sour (acid
umami (savoriness
9
Q
chili pepper irritant
A
trigeminal
10
Q
liver (1-3)
A
- detoxification of molecules
- glucose storage (glycogen), cholesterol, lipids, vitamins (A,D,E,K)
- main control of metabolism
(bichemical events of the body)
11
Q
Liver (4-7)
A
- bile production
- bile salts
- bile pigments- excretion
- hormone production
12
Q
bile salts are essential for
A
lipid absorption
13
Q
hormone production in the liver
A
insulin like grown factor 1
and
angiotensinogen
14
Q
pancreas is considered ___
A
exocrine
15
Q
pancreas produces
A
- enzymes that break down
2. HCO3- to buffer pH in duodenum
16
Q
enzymes produced in the liver that break down
A
- fats
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- nucleic acids
17
Q
Fats
A
lipase
18
Q
proteins
A
trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
procarboxypeptidase
19
Q
carbohydrates
A
amylase
20
Q
nucleic acids
A
- ribonuclease (RNA)
2. deoxyribonuclease (DNA)
21
Q
hormones produced by the liver
A
insulin
glucagon
22
Q
trypsinogen is activated to trypsin in the
A
small intestine
23
Q
trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by
A
enterokinase
and then
trypsin
24
Q
chymotrypsinogen is activated to chymotrypsin by
A
trypsin
25
layers of the GI tract
a. serosa
b. muscularis
c. submucosa
26
serosa
outer layer (protective)
tough fibrous covering
27
muscularis a.k.a
tunica muscularis
28
muscularis
muscular layer
29
muscularis types of muscle
1. longitudinal muscle
| 2. circular (smooth muscle)
30
longitudinal muscle contraction..
causes SHORTENING of the GI tract
31
circular (smooth) muscle contration...
causes CONSTRICTION of the GI tract
32
PSNS...
increases contraction
| motility
33
SNS
Decreases contraction
34
submucosa
increase connective tissue
increase nervous tissue
35
muscosa
1. innermost layer
2. villi present
3. finger-like projections
4. microvilli on each villus
36
brush border
surface area increase 600-fold
37
____ contact with food
intimate contact with food
| mucosa
38
absorption occurs....
mucosa
enzymes present--catalyze the final breakdown of food particles
39
Membrane location
1. present in the abdominal cavity
| 2. surrounding parts of the GI tract
40
Membrane
a. parietal peritoneum
b. visceral peritoneum
c. mesentery
d. omentum
41
parietal peritoneum
line walls of abdomen
42
peritonitis
inflamed peritoneum
43
visceral peritoneum
line organs within the abdomen
44
mesentery
1. double layer at the posterior of the abdomen
| 2. anchors GI tract to abdominal wall
45
mesentery of small intestines...
holds many blood vessels
46
mesocolon
anchors colon to posterior body wall
47
omentum
double-layered membrane to the stomach
anchors the stomach to the rest of GI tract
48
greater omentum long_
adheres to the greater curvature of the stomach
49
lesser omentum long_
adheres to the lesser curvature of the stomach
50
greater and lesser omentum anchor the
duodenum
51
lesser omentum (s)
attaches stomach to liver
52
greater omentum (s)
covers small intestines like apron
53
mouth or
buccal cavity
54
mouth enclosed by
a. masseter muscles
| b. zygomatic arches laterally
55
tongue
-inferior aspect of the buccal cavity
56
muscle of the tongue
striated
| voluntary
57
tongue has
1. mucous covering
2. protection against friction, cell loss
3. lingual papillae
58
tongue contains
taste buds
surface area for sense of taste
59
hard and soft palates
-superior aspect of buccal cavity
60
hard palate is
anterior to soft palate
61
dentin
hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of the tooth
62
enamel
covers crown and neck
63
cementum
covers root
64
cementum and dentin
are living tissue that can regenerate
65
baby teeth
deciduous
66
deciduous
baby teeth
67
deciduous number
20 teeth
typically begin to fall out at 7
68
deciduous lacks
bicuspids
| and last 4 molars (wisdom teeth)
69
number of permanent teeth
32
70
central incisors
4
71
lateral incisors
4
72
cuspids (canines)
4
73
wisdom teeth
last molars
sometimes impacted/ absent
74
Pharynx
connects oral cavity to the esophagus
75
esophagus
long connecting tube from pharynx to the stomach
76
esophagus muscle
smooth
striated
circular and longitudinal
77
esophagus size
25cm length
2-3cm diameter
78
esophagus passes
from thoracic cavity
through the diaphragm
into abdominal cavity
79
hiatal hernia
part of the stomach become strangulated by the diaphragm
80
major movement of esophagus
peristalsis
81
LES (short for)
lower esophageal spincter
82
LES (AKA)
cardiac sphincter
83
what is the
LES
Caridac Sphincter
lower esophageal spincter
ring-like set of smooth muscle where esophagus connects to the stomach
84
LES is..
usually tightly closed unless food is passing to the stomach
85
LES opens..
with reflux material (vomit
material moving in retrograde manner
86
cardiac region or
fundus
87
fundus
| cardiac region
upper region
closest to the heart
88
body of stomach
main part of stomach
89
pylorus
"antrum"
- lower region, closest to duodenum
- hormone production
90
pyloric sphincter is
ring-like smooth muscle separating the stomach from duodenum
91
pyloric sphincter controls
controls reflux of material from duodenum
92
types of gastric mucosa
1. epithelial cells
2. G-cell
3. parietal
4. chief cells
93
epithelial cells
secrete mucus and water
1. protection
2. lubrication
94
G-cells also known as
antral mucosa cells
95
g-cells release
hormone gastrin into blood stream
| in response to protein
96
gastrin binds
to receptors on parietals cells in the stomach
| INCREASE secretion of HCl
97
presence of helicobacter pylori bacteria
strongly correlated with certain types of ulcers
98
zollinger-ellison syndrome
of gastrin-secreting tumors (G-cells) ulcers typically seen
99
parietal cells
| aka
oxyntic cells
100
parietal cells
| oxyntic cells
HCl release
responsible for low pH
intrinsic factor release
absorption of B12
101
pH of stomach
2.0 - 2.5
102
chief cells produce
pepsinogen
103
chief cells produce pepsinogen in response to
protein coming into GI tract
104
pepsinogen converted to
pepsin in presence of HCCl
105
pepsin is involved in
early stages of digestion
106
functions of stomach
1. food reservoir
2. secretion of gastric juice
3. churn food
4. intrinsic factor production
5. absorption
107
food reservoir
typically quite small
able to stretch dramatically
108
secretion of gastric "juice"
includes all fluids present: mucus, HCl, H2O, gastrin, pepsin, pepsinogen, etc
109
anger secretion
| gastric "juice"
increases
110
fear secretion
| gastric "juice"
decrease
111
churns food
ruggae help to break down food
112
ruggae
help to break down food
113
intrinsic factor production
from parietal cells for vitamin B12
114
Absorption
water
ethanol
drugs
115
length of small intestine
5 meters long
2-3 cm Diameter
116
Duodenum length
20 cm long
117
jejunum
2-3m long
118
Ileum
3 + meters long
119
sections of the small intestine
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. Ileum
120
Ileum
absorption of B12
121
small intestine ends at
ileocecal junction
122
ileocecal junction
sphincter prevents retrograde movement from large intestine
123
functions small intestine
1. digestion finish
2. ingesta neutralized
3. absorption of end products
124
Digestion ends in
small intestine
125
proteins --> amino acids
proteases
peptidases
126
ingest neutralized with
addition of bicarbonate
127
absorption of end products in
| small intestine
into bloodstream --> hepatic portal system --> liver
128
absorption can be
active or passive
129
small intestines blood flow when food is present
INCREASE
post-prandial state
130
when food is present in the small intestine
post-prandial state
131
why get a cramp after a meal
not enough blood (O2, energy substrates) available to muscle
132
wait __ after eat to exercise
45 mins
133
fats --> fatty acids
lipases
134
large carbohydrates --> mono/disaccharides
amylases
135
lactose --> galactose + glucose
lactase
136
Villi
line small intestine to surrface area for absorption
137
villi have
specific transporters for many nutrients
138
microvilli
finger-like projections off each villus
139
surface area of microvilli
600-fold
140
endocrine function
| small intestine
hormonal release by duodenum and other parts
| many hormones produced
141
hormones produced from small intestine
secretin and CCK cholecystokinin
| increasing secretions from pancreas
142
glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
increasing insulin release
143
muscular contraction of small intestine
ensures that food moves down the GI tract
144
peristalsis
ring-link contractions
propels food down tract, unidirectionally
145
segmentation
breaks food apart and mizes it
more stationary than peristalsis
146
ANS
effects on smooth muscle
147
PSNS
uses acetyl choline to contractions
148
Upper GI
vagus innervation ends at the ascending colon
149
lower GI
pelvic nerve innervates bladder, kidney, descending colon, genital region
150
SNS
uses NE to Decrease contractions
151
firing rate is greater in
upper GI tract
than lower
152
cecum
small in humans
| large in cud-chewing animals
153
cecum
| Ileocecal valve
--between ileum and cecum
--keeps food from moving backward into small intestine
154
vermiform appendix
1. finger-like projection off the cecum
2. has no known function in humans
3. if infected, removed
155
large intestine length
1.5 m long
156
large intestine
1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon
3. decending colon
4. sigmoid colon
157
ascending colon
retroperitoneal
158
descending colon
retroperitoneal
159
functions of colon
1. solid waste elimination
2. site of fermentation
3. water absorption
160
site of fermentation or
bacterial flora
161
bacterial flora
bacteria produce fatty acids together with vitamin K (used in body)
aid absorption of minerals (Mg and Fe)
162
bacteria linked to health
researchers have identified 26 different types of bacteria in the gut linked to obesity
163
legumes
peas, beans
164
carbohydrates in legumes + fructose --->
flatuence
| ```
CO2
CH4
H2
H2S
L/day
or 10-25 times
swallowed air
```
165
predisposition to lactose intolerance
asian 90%
European 80%
hispanic 50%
166
what can be done
| lactose intolerance
pretreated dairy products with lactase or to lactic acid
167
fecal or flatulence odor
- - skatole or 3-methylindole
- -hydrogen sulfide
- - mercaptans
168
___ amont of water presented to "GI" tract each day
10L
169
___ from GI secretions
8.5 L
170
____ from ingested substances
1.5 L
we must be able to absorb most of this water
171
___ reabsorbed each day
9.5L
172
___ at small intestine
9 L
173
___ fluid in feces each day
0. 15L - 0.5L
| * amount of fluid in feces depends on the hydration of the body
174
Diarrhea caused by
rapid contractions of GI -- PSNS
175
diarrhea ...
water follows osmotically sugars and salts
176
rectum length
20cm
177
rectum
blood supply
many vertical folds
178
hemorrhoids
enlarged rectal blood vessels
179
anus
1. internal anal sphincter
| 2. external anal sphincter
180
internal anal sphincter muscle
smooth
181
internal anal sphincter innervated by
ANS
| involuntary
182
Anus...
afferents and efferents run through the pelvic nerve (Ach)
183
anus SNS
causes constriction
184
anus PSNS
causes muscle relazation
185
defecation reflex
a. similar to micturition reflex
| b. stretch receptors activated
186
defecation reflex afferents to
CNS
187
defecation reflex efferents to
smooth muscle attempt to open sphincter
188
external anal sphincter muscle
striated
189
external anal sphincter innervated by
somatic nervous system
voluntary
190
___ allows you to override the defecation reflex
cortical control
191
composition of feces
```
water 75%
solid 25%
roughage 30% of solids
dead bacteria 20%
fat 10-20%
inorganic material 10-20%
undigested proteins 10%
```
192
insoluble fibers
cellulose, lignin
undigestible acts as a bowel irritant
draws H2O out into lumen, cleans out lower GI -- correlated with cancer of colon
193
soluble fibers
(gums, pectins)
low digestibility but decreases cholesterol concentration
194
steatorrhea
fat in stools
195
color of feces
due to RBC breakdown products
bilirubin
196
odor of feces
sulfur compounds
H2S (rotten egg smell))
mercaptans (sewer gas)
197
the liver is the
largest
| heaviest gland in the body
198
size of liver
1-2 kg
199
location of liver
just below the diaphragm
200
lobes of the liver
right lobe larger higher
201
hepatic duct
| liver
from liver to gall bladder
202
cystic duct
| liver
from gall bladder to common bile duct
203
cholecystectomy
removal of gall bladder
204
common bile duct
| liver
formed from the union of the cystic and hepatic ducts entered into duodenum and the sphincter of oddi
205
pancreatic duct
| liver
from pancreas
| meets common bile duct
both enter duodenum at the sphincter of oddi
206
functions of the liver
1. bile production produced by the liver but stored in the gall bladder
2. glycogen storage
3. vitamin storage
4. detoxification
5. synthesis of certain plasma proteins
207
bile salts (24 C)
similar to cholesterol (27C)
1. emulsify fats-- break large molecules into small
2. activates lipases
(break down fats)
208
produce bilirubin
from RBC breakdown
--give bile green-yellow color
209
glycogenesis
synthesis
210
glycogenolysis
breakdown
211
fat soluble
A
D
E
K
212
hypervitaminosis
excessive amounts of a fat soluble vitamin
213
detoxification
altering so that they may be excreted via urine or feces
214
detoxification examples
steroid like molecules
cortisol, cortisone, estrogen, testosterone
215
synthesis of certain plasma proteins
a. clotting factors (prothrombin, fibrinogen)
b. albumins
c. globulins
- -many of these act as carrier molecules
216
sex hormone
binding globulins
217
transferrin
carries iron
218
transcortin
carries glucocorticoids
219
functions for pancreas
A. Exocine, watery secretion with HCO3-
b. endocrine (islets of langerhans)
220
exocrine
uses ducts
221
secretion from pancreas
enzyme-rich
1. proteases (trypsin, carboxypeptidase)
2. pancreatic a-amylase
3. pancreatic lipases
4. RNA-ases and DNA-ases
222
endocrine
ductless
223
endocrine (pancreas)
islet of langerhans
224
insulin released
from Beta-islet cells of Langerhans
| when INCREASE blood clucose levels
225
insulin moves
glucose from bloodstream into fat and muscle cells
| + liver glycogen
226
insulin is ___ in diabetic
absent
| deficient
227
glucagon released
from the alpha-islet cells when blood glucose DECREASES
228
glucagon acts
to INCREASE blood glucose levels by INCreASED glycogenolysis and DECREASE glycogenesis
229
somatostatin
released from delta-islet cells
230
labels on food products
show kilocalories
231
kilocalorie (C) =
1,000 calorie (c)
232
calorie (c) =
the amount f energy required to raise 1 g of water by 1 C
- -bomb calorimeter
- -measures amount of energy (calories) present in food
233
carbohydrate
4.1 kcal/g
CHO stored with water
234
Protein
5.3 kcal/g
in the body, protein isn't usually completely combusted
235
fat
9.3 kcal/g
is not all used, excess will be stored
236
BMR
basal metabolic rate
237
carbohydrate (time)
13 hours
glycogen in muscle and liver is body's only real reserveof CHO
238
fat (time)
20-40 days
239
young men (fat)
20-25% of body mass is fat
240
young women (fat)
30% body mass
estrogen causes fat to be deposited differently
breast, buttocks, hips
241
protein (time)
depleted in hours
242
BMI
body max index
proxy for body fat
243
BMI =
weight kg/ (height m) ^2
weight ibs x 703 / height inches ^2
244
normal weight BMI
18.5- 24.9
245
overweight BMI
25-29.9
246
obese BMI
30- 39.9
247
morbid obese BMI
>40
248
major nutrients
1. water
2. carbs
3. fats
4. proteins
5. vitamins
249
macro minerals
```
calcium
sodium
phosphate
sulfur
iron
Mg
```
250
trace minerals
```
Co
Cu
Zn
Se
I
F
Mn
```
251
water soluble vitamins
riboflavin
biotin
B12
C
252
fat soluble vitamins
A
E
D
K
253
saturated
animal fat
tropical plants
oils
254
polyunsaturated
safflower oil
| sunflower oil
255
monounsaturated
olive oil
256
ideal percentage of calories
60: 30: 30
carbs: fats: proteins
257
osteoporosis
group of diseases resulting in bone demineralization seen especially during post-menopausal period
258
osteoporosis cause
reduction estrogen
calcium
genetic predisposition
259
high incidence osteoporosis
small statured:
caucasion
Northern european
260
lowest incidence osteoporosis
african american
261
cholesterol
steroid nucleus
| 27C molecule
262
cholesterol structure seen in
```
bile salts
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
cortisol
aldosterone
```
263
cholesterol is produced in
the liver
264
cholesterol is absorbed from
the small intestin
265
cholesterol precursor
for steroid hormones
266
cholesterol makes up __ of cell membrane
25-30%
267
cholestrol synthesize from
acetate (2C)
268
adults should not exceed ___ cholesterol
250 mg/day
269
sources of cholesterol
animal products
skin, egg yolk, fat (lard), chellfish
270
plants
do not contain cholesterol
contain Sterols-- similar
271
cholesterol in bloodstream
low solubility in bloodstream
therefore bound to lipoproteins (solubility in water)
272
VLDL
only found in small amounts
273
LDL
major carrier of cholesterol in bloodstream
2/3 total cholesterol
unloads cholesterol to endothelium of blood vessel
--this will DECREASE the diameter of the lumen (blood pressure)
274
IDL
intermediate density lipoprotein
carries very small amount of cholesterol
275
HDL
1/3 of cholesterol
"good cholesterol"
cholesterol scavenger
high affinity to cholesterl
draws cholesterol off of endothelial vlood vessels
276
alcohol
liver disease
heart disease
cancer
pancreatitis
